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Finding the Nichols House, Part II -- Where were the British and how did they go?
This is Part II of Finding the Nichols House, my short-version presentation of Walt Chiquoine's research into the subject. His original works can be accessed and downloaded via this link. You must create an account on the site, but it's very easy. As I said in Part I, do yourself a favor and read his work directly. Walt tells the story much clearer and in far greater detail than I do here.
In Part I of Finding the Nichols House, we traced the British Army's movements from their landing at the Head of Elk, across Pencader Hundred, and through a two-pronged approach into Mill Creek Hundred. Friend-of-the-Blog Walt Chiquoine has spent years, and thousands of hours of research, meticulously piecing together the details of the British Army's movements through MCH on September 8-10, 1777. It was always known that they came through, and that they camped here the night of the 8th before moving on to the Battle of Brandywine three days later. There are some primary sources that give tantalizing clues as to exactly where the troops settled down for the night, but enough uncertainty remained that no one was sure just where anyone was. The key to it all, as Walt soon discovered, lay in nailing down the exact location of British General Sir William Howe's headquarters for the night -- the Nichols House.
Through his research, Walt found several letters and diaries written by eyewitnesses to the events of that week. But since none were authored by natives of the area, no one wrote anything obvious and helpful like, "We were camped on the Dixon farm." Instead, the most indispensable guide was a map, drawn by an aide to Gen. Howe, Major John Andre (technically, he was a captain in 1777). If the name sounds familiar, this is the same Major Andre who would later be hung by the Americans for his part in Benedict Arnold's plot. The hand-drawn map shows "The Position of the Army at New Garden the 8th Sept 1777", and depicts the position of various encampments and headquarters along a road. Aside from unit and commander names, there are no other keys to aid in placing the map in the real world. Plus, being hand-drawn by a foreigner to these parts, it's about as geographically inaccurate as you'd expect.
But it does clearly show (Howe's) Head Quarters, which on other maps and in various correspondence is referred to as the Nichols House. So if the Nichols House could be decisively located, the rest of the map would fall into place. And surprisingly, at least in recent memory (and anywhere in print), this had never been done. In the end, all it took was some patient research by Walt and his vast knowledge of land holdings in the area in the 1770's. As he discovered, there was only one adult male Nichols in MCH at the time -- Daniel Nichols.
On May 17, 1741 (exactly 200 years to the day before my grandparents were married, not that that's relevant), Daniel Nichols bought two adjacent tracts of land, totaling 140 acres, from the sons of Casparus Garretson, who had purchased the land from Letitia Penn in 1721. The way that these deeds are written, it's not always easy to figure out exactly where they are (it's not like they're using GPS coordinates). What you need to use are the references to neighboring tracts to place your piece into the larger puzzle, and that's where Walt's vast land ownership research comes into play. By knowing who else owned property at the time and where, he was able to figure out just where Daniel Nichols' tracts were. The figures below are the result of his work.
As you can see, the Nichols property straddled Limestone Road between Valley Road and Brackenville Road. It encompassed what's now Lantana Square Shopping Center, the development of Hockessin Greene, and part of Hockessin Hunt. In 1743, Nichols married another Quaker, Sarah Hollingsworth Dixon. Sarah was the widow of John Dixon, builder of the Dixon-Wilson House on Valley Road. Sarah's children were all grown, and she and Daniel didn't have kids of their own. However, Sarah's oldest son, Isaac, would marry Daniel's younger sister Ann. Isaac and Ann lived in the Dixon-Wilson House, but their son Jehu would build the Samuel P. Dixon House near Red Clay Creek. This isn't just an interesting side note, because another of Isaac and Ann's sons would be the next owner of the Nichols House.
After Daniel Nichols died in 1798, the house went to his nephew/step-grandson Thomas Dixon, Senior. In 1822 it was sold to Thomas Dixon, Jr., then in 1842 to a cousin, Wistar T. Dixon. This is the final link verifying the house's location, as Wistar is shown as the owner on the 1849 map. In early tax documents and sale ads, the Nichols House is described as being brick. As best as Walt can determine (for now), this house may have been lost sometime in the mid 19th Century. Another old house of stone construction existed on the property until about 1970. The age of this house, as well as its relationship to the Nichols House, is yet to be satisfactorily determined.
But to return now to the late summer of 1777, on the night of September 8 General William Howe made his headquarters in the home of Daniel Nichols. Now that we know where that was (and to reiterate, it seems no one had ever done that before Walt came along), we can look again at the Andre Map, shown at the top of the page. For easier reference, the figure below shows the map rotated to place north at the top. The two roads going off to the west are Paper Mill Road and a now-defunct road that ran straight across from Corner Ketch. The next steps in Walt's research are to try to determine exactly where the different units were camped and to figure out in what other houses the other officers may have stayed.
As we noted in the first post, the British Army must be thought of as less of a dot on the map, and more of a large blob. It consisted of about 16,000 soldiers, 2000 support personnel, 275 wagons, 2000 head of livestock, and occupied three to five square miles at any given time. For comparison, the population of Mill Creek Hundred at the time was about 1500. All these 20,000 unwelcome guests had to eat and relieve themselves. Houses and barns were scavenged and ransacked. And bear in mind that this was early September, just as crops were beginning to ripen. Between stores and fields being picked through and maturing fields trampled, as Walt states, "[...] it must have been a tough winter that year in Mill Creek Hundred." This was surely one of the most exciting and traumatic few days in most of the residents' lives.
Even knowing the size British Army, it's still hard to get your head around the fact that on the night of September 8, it stretched from above Southwood Road all the way down almost to Milltown. It's against this background (literally) that the story of Washington coming to Milltown to reconnoiter the enemy takes place. He would have been able to see the pickets and campfires of the enemy's southern end, while the northern end reached into Pennsylvania. They were camped on both sides of the road, as the Andre Map shows, and many of the senior officers spent the night as unwelcome guests in houses along the way.
After spending the night of the 8th and the morning of the 9th in MCH, it was time for the Redcoats to be on their way. Howe learned that Washington had taken his army to the banks of the Brandywine near Chadds Ford. He decided to march out of MCH and regroup near Kennett Square. The British departed in two columns. One column, led by Gen. Knyphausen, would take the baggage and livestock and arrive via New Garden. They began marching up Limestone Road at about 1 PM, with the rear not departing until 6 PM. Also at around 6, the other column headed in a more northerly direction toward Kennett Square.
This column was headed by Generals Cornwallis and Grant, and their march took them across the Hockessin valley towards the Hockessin Friends Meeting House. This turned out to be a bad decision. They generally followed along today's Valley Road (which was no more than a path at the time) and through the farms around it. The land in that area tends to be low and wet, and they marched through a steady downpour. It was taking so long to get everyone organized and moved that Howe ordered the head of his line to pause on the hillside northwest of Hockessin Meeting. Two brigades were dispatched to follow Knyphausen's route to New Garden. By the time these two were reaching Kennett Square on the morning of the 10th, the rear of the main column had only just arrived at Hockessin Meeting. Walt has deduced that this column under Cornwallis must have marched up Old Wilmington Road about 6 AM to Chandler Mill Road, then taken Kaolin Road to Kennett Square. The figures below show the final movements of the British out of Mill Creek Hundred.
The story of the British march through MCH was a relatively short and militarily uneventful one. That being said, it undoubtedly had a great effect on the area that fall and beyond. The first step to understanding the impact is in determining exactly where the troops were and when. There is still a lot of research to be done, along the lines of figuring out precisely where the soldiers were camped, which houses were used to quarter officers, and what properties may have been adversely affected by the British incursion. However, the work that Walt Chiquoine has done to date has moved the story further than it's ever been. The locating of the Daniel Nichols House was an important step in this process. As a result of his tireless research, a new historical marker was unveiled last month commemorating the site of the Nichols House. And again, if you want to read the entire story in Walt's own words, you can download his papers here.
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| The Andre Map |
Through his research, Walt found several letters and diaries written by eyewitnesses to the events of that week. But since none were authored by natives of the area, no one wrote anything obvious and helpful like, "We were camped on the Dixon farm." Instead, the most indispensable guide was a map, drawn by an aide to Gen. Howe, Major John Andre (technically, he was a captain in 1777). If the name sounds familiar, this is the same Major Andre who would later be hung by the Americans for his part in Benedict Arnold's plot. The hand-drawn map shows "The Position of the Army at New Garden the 8th Sept 1777", and depicts the position of various encampments and headquarters along a road. Aside from unit and commander names, there are no other keys to aid in placing the map in the real world. Plus, being hand-drawn by a foreigner to these parts, it's about as geographically inaccurate as you'd expect.
But it does clearly show (Howe's) Head Quarters, which on other maps and in various correspondence is referred to as the Nichols House. So if the Nichols House could be decisively located, the rest of the map would fall into place. And surprisingly, at least in recent memory (and anywhere in print), this had never been done. In the end, all it took was some patient research by Walt and his vast knowledge of land holdings in the area in the 1770's. As he discovered, there was only one adult male Nichols in MCH at the time -- Daniel Nichols.
On May 17, 1741 (exactly 200 years to the day before my grandparents were married, not that that's relevant), Daniel Nichols bought two adjacent tracts of land, totaling 140 acres, from the sons of Casparus Garretson, who had purchased the land from Letitia Penn in 1721. The way that these deeds are written, it's not always easy to figure out exactly where they are (it's not like they're using GPS coordinates). What you need to use are the references to neighboring tracts to place your piece into the larger puzzle, and that's where Walt's vast land ownership research comes into play. By knowing who else owned property at the time and where, he was able to figure out just where Daniel Nichols' tracts were. The figures below are the result of his work.
As you can see, the Nichols property straddled Limestone Road between Valley Road and Brackenville Road. It encompassed what's now Lantana Square Shopping Center, the development of Hockessin Greene, and part of Hockessin Hunt. In 1743, Nichols married another Quaker, Sarah Hollingsworth Dixon. Sarah was the widow of John Dixon, builder of the Dixon-Wilson House on Valley Road. Sarah's children were all grown, and she and Daniel didn't have kids of their own. However, Sarah's oldest son, Isaac, would marry Daniel's younger sister Ann. Isaac and Ann lived in the Dixon-Wilson House, but their son Jehu would build the Samuel P. Dixon House near Red Clay Creek. This isn't just an interesting side note, because another of Isaac and Ann's sons would be the next owner of the Nichols House.
After Daniel Nichols died in 1798, the house went to his nephew/step-grandson Thomas Dixon, Senior. In 1822 it was sold to Thomas Dixon, Jr., then in 1842 to a cousin, Wistar T. Dixon. This is the final link verifying the house's location, as Wistar is shown as the owner on the 1849 map. In early tax documents and sale ads, the Nichols House is described as being brick. As best as Walt can determine (for now), this house may have been lost sometime in the mid 19th Century. Another old house of stone construction existed on the property until about 1970. The age of this house, as well as its relationship to the Nichols House, is yet to be satisfactorily determined.
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| Nichols property owned by Wistar Dixon, 1849 |
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| The Andre Map, rotated and annotated |
Even knowing the size British Army, it's still hard to get your head around the fact that on the night of September 8, it stretched from above Southwood Road all the way down almost to Milltown. It's against this background (literally) that the story of Washington coming to Milltown to reconnoiter the enemy takes place. He would have been able to see the pickets and campfires of the enemy's southern end, while the northern end reached into Pennsylvania. They were camped on both sides of the road, as the Andre Map shows, and many of the senior officers spent the night as unwelcome guests in houses along the way.
After spending the night of the 8th and the morning of the 9th in MCH, it was time for the Redcoats to be on their way. Howe learned that Washington had taken his army to the banks of the Brandywine near Chadds Ford. He decided to march out of MCH and regroup near Kennett Square. The British departed in two columns. One column, led by Gen. Knyphausen, would take the baggage and livestock and arrive via New Garden. They began marching up Limestone Road at about 1 PM, with the rear not departing until 6 PM. Also at around 6, the other column headed in a more northerly direction toward Kennett Square.
This column was headed by Generals Cornwallis and Grant, and their march took them across the Hockessin valley towards the Hockessin Friends Meeting House. This turned out to be a bad decision. They generally followed along today's Valley Road (which was no more than a path at the time) and through the farms around it. The land in that area tends to be low and wet, and they marched through a steady downpour. It was taking so long to get everyone organized and moved that Howe ordered the head of his line to pause on the hillside northwest of Hockessin Meeting. Two brigades were dispatched to follow Knyphausen's route to New Garden. By the time these two were reaching Kennett Square on the morning of the 10th, the rear of the main column had only just arrived at Hockessin Meeting. Walt has deduced that this column under Cornwallis must have marched up Old Wilmington Road about 6 AM to Chandler Mill Road, then taken Kaolin Road to Kennett Square. The figures below show the final movements of the British out of Mill Creek Hundred.
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| Movement towards Kennett Square, September 9 |
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| Movement towards Kennett Square overnight, September 9-10 |
PAPHOS SHOEMAKER KEEPS CELEBS WELL HEELED
From The Cyprus Mail - article by Nan Mackenzie 15 August 2017
A lifetime of making shoes has seen one Paphos man shod the rich, famous and royal. NAN MACKENZIE meets him
“I can make any type of shoe be it a classic brogue, or a pair of co-respondent shoes, the Al Capone two tone design, or a classic slip on,” says 80-year-old master shoe maker Myrianthis Kelpis as he walks across his workshop in Paphos in a neat pair of brown and cream lace-ups he made himself. Although the shoes he currently turns out are designed to appeal to a wide audience, the cobbler’s art has seen him rub shoulders with the rich, famous and royal.
The Place in Paphos is a venue that promotes hand crafted goods created by talented locals and Kelpis’ bespoke (and off the peg) footwear is the latest addition. As a ‘footwearophile’ I have spent decades cooing/lusting over shoes, and like many other women have had to hide new shoe boxes from male friends as most would trot out the same silly line ‘Don’t you have enough shoes’?
At long last scientists have been able to explain why women have always been ‘wired’ for shoe lust – due to the presence of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is released when looking in a shoe shop window, bringing on a feeling similar to taking a drug.
Then, if we move into the arena of glorious high heels, the belief is that when women slip on a pair of high heels they assume a basic primal mating pose called lordosis (yes it has an actual title), which refers to when the bottom lifts and the back arches. The final bit of the analysis centres on the fact that our minds are seemingly structured in a way that associates feet with sex, as the parts of the brain that communicate with the genitals and the feet are right next to each other.
Born the eldest of eight children in 1937, after his father died the now dapper Kelpis was apprenticed at the age of 12 for five years to Mesogi shoemaker Kleanthis Sofocles as he had to become the main bread winner for his family. It was not a craft that enjoyed a roaring trade as in those days men, women and children living in the villages wore sturdy boots with the local shoemaker making them new ones only once a year as they were an expensive purchase. Kelpis himself was earning five shillings a week while a good pair of hand made shoes would have cost around three pounds. The young apprentice was taught well, constructing shoes from leather sourced from the busy tannery in Nicosia with leather originating from cows, sheep and goats. A pair of lady’s shoes used two square feet of leather, while good boots would demand eight square feet and with leather at a premium a shoemaker had to be abstemious when it came to cutting it so that there was zero wastage, with any scraps being made into belts, purses, wallets and repair material.
With such pressure on raw materials it was a hard time to make any money from shoes so as soon as he was qualified, Kelpis knew it was time to look overseas. “I knew that once my apprenticeship was complete I would have to leave the island and travel to London where my sister was living. I did that with just 30 shillings in my pocket and high hopes. Once I recovered from the shock of landing in Britain’s capital on a freezing cold November night in 1954, I managed in a few weeks to get a job with a Turkish Cypriot who had a shop selling bespoke shoes. It was here that I learnt the high standards necessary to create the very best footwear, and the long hours involved,” Kelpis says.
This was followed by a stint in a shoe factory where Kelpis found himself in charge of making sandals. The factory was again hard slog and also poorly paid so it was not long before Kelpis realised his experience in hand making plus the knowledge gained from mass production meant he had the necessary technical experience to start out on his own. “I knew that wealthy people wanted hand crafted footwear so I sunk all my savings into opening a shop on the Fulham road. As the weeks passed I had almost given up hope when one afternoon a Rolls Royce pulled up outside, the chauffeur opened the car door and out stepped an elegantly dressed man in the company of a young man who was walking awkwardly as his legs were in callipers. This was a Lebanese businessman whose son had had polio meaning he had serious mobility problems. The father had tried and failed to acquire the correctly fitted shoes his son needed and of course I took on the commission. A few days later, having worked solidly night and day, I delivered the shoes and charged 300 pounds, but the father was so delighted at the finished result he added a further 1,000 pounds to the bill,” remembers Kelpis. That one great commission, followed by a regular order for 14 shoes a year, had him on the first rung of the ladder.
What Kelpis did not know at the time was that the Lebanese man was employed as a financial adviser to the Saudi Royal family and soon the shoe maker was summoned to meet Prince Falsal and Prince Kelif at the Dorchester Hotel. Perhaps not surprisingly this led to more commissions including one for 124 pairs of shoes for a Saudi princess over a two-year period. It was a royal connection that seemed set to grow as he was then asked to make a pair of handmade monogrammed slippers for Prince Michael of Kent and after being taken on by Harrods for special commission work made around 15 pairs of shoes for Princess Diana, although he never met her, measurements being sent in by the relevant royal servant.
“My speciality was creating shoes for people with problem feet because I was always taught that like a good house your body needs a good supporting foundation and if your footwear makes you stand crooked then the rest of your body will also soon be crooked. The real comfort test is to wear my shoes all day and when you get home at night forget to take them off! That’s when the fit is absolutely correct”.
Although the glamorous and high profile wore his shoes, Kelpis did not always get to meet them and they were probably unaware of who he was as the shoes themselves would either bear the Harrods label or that of Deliss, where he worked in the 60s, in Beauchamp Place. “But it was all my own work and during my co-operation with Deliss I made shoes, and crazy boots for Rod Stewart stage shows and monogrammed slippers he wanted made out of a Persian carpet – he always wanted to feel comfortable in shoes during his concerts. I also shod Roger Moore on a regular basis and Elizabeth Taylor,” who was one of the stars he did meet. “She had some problems with her feet and required extra fittings with me. I still remember the black patent sandals she commissioned – she was delighted with the result. She was a truly lovely, gracious woman and the extra bonus was always the presence of Richard Burton who was at her side during the fittings which always took place in their hotel suite whenever they returned to London”.
Kelpis’ bespoke shoe and bag designs were also snapped up by ladies going to society parties or weddings and even 40 years ago a pair of these special designs would cost around 850 pounds.
This master craftsman, mender of bad soles and surgeon to old shoes still makes footwear in almost the same way they made shoes 80 years ago and although he has since returned to Paphos, which he missed in the grey climate of London, he still works every day but now in the company of his son George, who was trained in the art in Italy. George’s final show while in Italy included samples of decidedly different but very appealing boots crafted from denim and leather. George and his father still deal with customers who need specially made and properly fitting shoes and boots in addition to those who respect the fact that a bespoke shoe will not only last for many many years but will stand out from the crowd.
In addition the walls of their shop on a warm summer day reflect that hand made leather sandals are still a popular option. Their store in The Place is lined with them and they are ready and willing to adapt them to customer taste, using everything from beads to woven materials, and at a price that is terrifically reasonable.
Journeying in to work every day remains a pleasure for Kelpis because he adores what he does and is proud that a craft he learnt at the age of 12 has not only provided self satisfaction but allowed him to bring up a family and pass a trade on to his son. “The North American Indians say that you should never judge a man until you have walked in his shoes,” he says. “Well if I had made their shoes then he or she would be judged very well indeed!”
The Place, Kanari 56, Old Town, Paphos. Tel: 26 101955, theplace@theplacecyprus.com, www.theplacecyprus.com
Selülite İyi Gelen Besinler
Selülit, başta kadınlar olmak üzere bir çok insanın ortak sorunu haline gelmiştir. Cilt altında bulunan yağ tabakası kütlesinin artması, yumru şeklinde girintili çıkıntılı kötü bir görünüme sebebiyet verir. Bu görüntünün oluşmasını engellemek veya oluşan görüntüyü giderebilmek için ise beslenme düzenimizden geçer. Ne yerseniz öyle görünürsünüz. Metabolizma hızınızı arttıracak ve vücudunuzda yağ yakımına destekleyecek besinleri daha fazla tüketerek gün boyu belirli bir kalori miktarına ulaşmayı hedefleyin. Bu sayede yavaş ve sağlıklı bir şekilde kilo verebilir, selülit görünümünü azaltabilirsiniz. İşte sizler için tavsiye ettiğimiz o besinler.
Selülit İçin Tüketilmesi Gereken Besinler
Brokoli : Tadı insanlar tarafından pek beğenilmese de besin değerleri açısından oldukça zengin bir besin öğesidir. Cilde canlılık verir ve yağ yakımına yardımcı olur. Kalori bakımından da oldukça düşük değerlere sahiptir ve bu da sizin kilo vermenize yardımcı olur. Haftada 2 - 3 kez haşlanmış brokoli tüketmenizde fayda var.
Likopen : Kana kırmızı rengini veren likopen bakımından zengin olan domates aynı zamanda antioksidan açısından da oldukça zengindir. Likopen kan dolaşımını canlandırmaya yardımcı olur. Bu da selülit görünümün azalmasını sağlar. Likopen bakımından zengin diğer besinler ile karpuz, pembe greyfurt ve kayısıdır.
Elma Sirkesi : Bağırsaklara zararlı maddelerin temizlenmesini sağlayan sirke aynı zamanda kalça bölgesindeki su tutumunu azaltarak selülit görünümünün azalmasına yardımcı olur. Eğer vücudunuz için hızlı ve etkili bir detoks yapmak istiyorsanız tükettiğiniz gıdaların içerisine elma sirkesi ekleyebilirsiniz.
Kişniş : Görünüş olarak maydanoza benzeyen kişniş, tükettiğiniz salataların içerisine ekleyebileceğiniz oldukça lezzetli ve faydalı bir besindir. Yağ oluşumunu destekleyen toksinlerin vücuttan atılmasını sağlar. Bu da selülit görünümünün giderilmesine yardımcı olur.
Not : İstediğiniz kadar diyet yapın, eğer vücudunuzu toksinlerden arındıramaz iseniz, yağ hücreleri vücutta yayılmaya devam eder.
Muz : Potasyum bakımından zengin olan muz cilde iyi gelen çinko vb. maddeler içerir. Kan akışını hızlandıran muz, bu sayede selülit görünümünün de azalmasına yardımcı olur. Aynı zamanda yüksek miktarda enerji içerdiği için diyet programınıza ekleyebilirsiniz.
Bilginiz Olsun : Bir çok sporcu antrenman öncesi muz tüketmektedir.
Kuşkonmaz : İltihap giderici özelliği ile vücutta gaz birikiminden kaynaklanan şişkinliği önler. Düşük bir yiyecek olduğundan dolayı gönül rahatlığıyla tüketilebilir. Kan dolaşımını da canlandıran bu sebze selülitin başlıca kaynağı olan toksinlerden vücudu arındırmaya yardımcıdır.
Bilginiz Olsun : Bir çok sporcu antrenman öncesi muz tüketmektedir.
Kuşkonmaz : İltihap giderici özelliği ile vücutta gaz birikiminden kaynaklanan şişkinliği önler. Düşük bir yiyecek olduğundan dolayı gönül rahatlığıyla tüketilebilir. Kan dolaşımını da canlandıran bu sebze selülitin başlıca kaynağı olan toksinlerden vücudu arındırmaya yardımcıdır.
Salatalık : Vücudunuzun su tutması selülit görünümünü arttırır. Salatalık vücutta su tutumunu azaltarak selülitli görünümün azalmasına yardımcı olur.
Sarımsak : Doğal bir antibiyotik olan sarımsak, kolesterolü düşürür ve bağışıklı sisteminin güçlenmesine yardımcı olur. Tüm bu etkilerinin yanı sıra kan dolaşımını hızlandırarak vücutta selülite neden olan zararlı maddelerin de atılmasına yardımcı olur.
Tam tahıllar : Gün boyu sizi tok tutacak tam tahıllı gıdalar ideal kilonuza kavuşmanıza ve genel sağlığınızı iyileştirmeye yardımcı olur. Bu sayede selülit görünümü de ciddi oranda azalır. Esmer pirinç, tahıllı ekmek, tahıllı makarna vb. tahıl içeren gıdaları beslenme programınıza ekleyebilirsiniz.
Turunçgil Meyveler : Vücudunuzda biriken yağ hücrelerinin selülit görünümünü oluşturmasında cildin kollajen liflerinin payı büyüktür. Yağlar bu lifleri zorlar ve selülitli görünüme sebebiyet verir. C vitamini bakımından zengin besinler tüketmek bu lifleri güçlendirerek selülit görünümünün azalmasına yardımcı olur. Portakal, greyfurt, limon vb. besinleri tüketebilirsiniz.
Su : Su her şeyin başıdır. Vücutta su tutumu ve ödem oluşmasını engellemek için bol bol sıvı tüketmeniz gerekir. Su vücudunuzu temizleyerek zararlı maddelerden arındırır. Bu zararlı maddelere selülit oluşumunu destekleyen maddelerde dahildir. Ortalama bir insanın günde en az 2 litre su tüketmesi gerekir.
Not : Bol su içmek vücutta su tutumunu desteklemez. Aksine su tutumunu engeller. Bu nedenle gönül rahatlığı ile su tüketebilirsiniz.
Yeşil Çay : Metabolizma hızlandırıcı özelliği ile de bilinen yeşil çay sizin forma girmenize ve yağ yakmanıza yardımcı olur. Vücudunuzdaki portakal kabuğu görünümünü (selüliti) azaltmaya yardımcı olan yeşil çay içerdiği maddeler yardımı ile vücutta depolanmış yağın azalmasını sağlar. Günde en az bir kere yeşil çay tüketmenizi tavsiye ederim.
Tavsiyelerimiz : Tuzlu, yağlı ve kalori değeri yüksek besinler tüketmekten kaçının. Bu tür gıdalar size ihtiyacınız olandan çok daha fazla kalori verir ve gün boyu bu kaloriyi harcayamazsınız. Bu da vücudunuzda yağ olarak depolanmasına ve selülit görünümüne sebep olur. Bu nedenle günlük kalori ihtiyacınızı belirlemenizi ve beslenme programını oluşturarak iki kalori miktarını eşitlemenizi tavsiye ederim.
İyi Gelen Besinler kategorimizdeki diğer yazılara göz atmak için buraya tıklayabilirsiniz.
Önemli Uyarı : Burada vermiş olduğumuz bilgiler tavsiye niteliğindedir. Bir kişi için faydalı olan bir besin başka bir kişi için zararlı olabilir. Doktorunuza danışmadan hareket etmeyiniz.
Finding the Nichols House, Part I: The British are Coming!
Long-time readers of this blog should be familiar with the name Walt Chiquoine. He has written several guest posts here, and for many years has been the go-to guy for decoding old land records, especially those from the Colonial Era. He has amassed enough data to map out the ownership of almost all of Mill Creek Hundred at the time of the Revolutionary War. While this may sound like an arbitrary (and possibly pointless) thing to do, there was, most certainly, a method to his madness.Walt's not a native of the area, but after moving here in the 1980's he heard the stories of the British Army's movements in the region in 1777, leading up to the Battle of Brandywine. Eventually, a seemingly simple question got stuck in his head -- I wonder if the British marched near my house? From this one question has sprung years of research and so many hours down at the State Archives that I'm surprised they never gave him a parking spot. Or his own key. Or at least special bathroom privileges. Point is, he's put a lot of work into this. And over time, "this" has turned into several separate but related projects.
Much research was done into firsthand accounts of the British Army's movements during that time. From trying to understand this data came the project of mapping out the ownership of MCH during the 1770's. Finally, and tying everything down and putting it into place, was the finding of the often-mentioned but never located Daniel Nichols House, Gen. Howe's headquarters for two days while the army camped in MCH. Now, after years of work, I'm thrilled to say that Walt has released his work for public consideration.
I really need to tell you first, if you have any interest in this subject at all, to please follow this link and download Walt's work firsthand. Do yourself that favor and read him directly. (You'll need to quickly set up an account with Academia.edu, but it's quick and easy and most definitely worth it. And as a bonus, you'll have access to his papers on the Greenbank and Marshallton Mills, as well as his Mount Pleasant Inn paper.) His original papers are infinitely better than any short recap I can do. But for those who cannot download the original, or who want just a quick introduction to the topic, I'll attempt to give a good idea of what he's done over the next couple posts. The words here are mine, but the information and research is Walt's.
First, a quick refresher to set the stage. It was 1777, and the British had captured New York the year before. The next objective was Philadelphia, but instead of marching directly there, British General Sir William Howe decided to attack from the southwest. A combined British and German force of about 16,000 sailed for six long, hot weeks, down the East coast, around the Delmarva Peninsula, and up the Chesapeake Bay. They landed at Elk Neck (south of North East and Elkton) on August 25, in poor shape and low on provisions. A few divisions were sent foraging, but the main force marched north to Elkton then east towards Iron Hill in Pencader Hundred.
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| Movement from Elk Neck to Pencader |
Whether you were Patriot or Loyalist, the presence of the British was rather overwhelming to the locals from start to finish. Besides the troops [about 16,000], there were probably about 2,000 wives, servants, and laborers, about 275 wagons, and more than 2,000 head of livestock including horses (only a portion which had been paid for). The army generally occupied three to five square miles at any given time. Meanwhile, the entire population of Mill Creek Hundred was about 1500 people in 43 square miles, and probably half that population was minors.Both Howe and Washington knew that the ultimate goal was Philadelphia. The shortest and most direct route would have been east to Wilmington, then north through Chester to Philly. To block this route, Washington had his army put up a defensive line along Red Clay Creek near Cuckoldstown (Stanton). This part of the story was covered in a previous post. Of course as we know, Howe decided to flank the Continental's position to the north, leading to the September 11 Battle of Brandywine near Chadds Ford.
In the early morning hours of September 8, 1777, the British broke camp in Pencader. They split their forces into two groups -- one group (much better known and documented) heading north through Newark, and another, less documented, group heading east towards Christiana Bridge. The first contingent is usually what's described when you hear the traditional story of the march through MCH. One of Walt's great contributions to the narrative is a better understanding of the second group.
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| British movements into MCH, September 8, 1777 |
Part of Howe's 1st Division (including the General himself) marched through a deserted Newark, then proceeded north along the Paper Mill Road corridor. The road has changed alignment slightly since then, but it's more or less the same road you'd take today from Newark to Limestone Road. The 2nd and 3rd Divisions followed closely behind. It was the troops on this route who were responsible for the looting and attempted looting stories we've mentioned in prior posts, like the Boggs' family's patriotic bees and the ransacking of the McDaniel-Peach House. They eventually arrived that evening at the Limestone Road area, and General Howe made his headquarters in what has always been referred to as simply, "The Nichols House". It was the locating of this particular house by Walt that helped everything else fall into place regarding the placement of the British troops over the next several days. This will be detailed in the next post.
But meanwhile, as the bulk of the army was heading north, a portion of the 1st Division had broken off on the morning of September 8 and began heading east. These movements have been less documented over the years, but in his paper (which, again, can be found here) Walt makes several strong arguments showing that it indeed did happen. For one, the Continental army acted that day as if the enemy were headed for them. Daniel Byrnes, a boy at the time living nearby, later wrote about the British Army arriving at Christiana Bridge and then turning north. Another clue is a flag captured from a home more or less on the way.
A final big clue, and one that likely helps pin down the site of the army's entry into MCH, comes through the Morrison family. As Walt notes, a history of the family published in 1880 states, "During the Revolutionary War the family homes were in the line of march of the British Army, when their goods and much of the family records were destroyed." The Morrison farm was located on the south side of White Clay Creek, just east of the Rotheram, or Harmony, Mill. In fact, I believe one of the old Morrison homes is still standing (in a modified form) in the development of Brookhaven.
These troops would have forded the White Clay and headed north towards Limestone Road. If they marched in a more or less straight line, they would have gone through what's now the developments of Green Valley and Meadowood, through the All Saints Cemetery/St. Marks High School properties, across the area of The Highlands, Skyline Middle School and Skyline pool, and finally through Carousel Park. Of course, they could have deviated some from this path and extended to either side, but ultimately they did arrive and camp just north of Milltown. Where exactly all these troops encamped will be addressed in the next post.
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| Weedon's approach to the British line across Mill creek |
As one final note, you'll notice from these accounts that there's a lot of marching, but not much (aside from the skirmishes near Cooch's Bridge) shooting. While it's true that the Battle of Red Clay never materialized and there was no actual battle in MCH, there was one incident that could, generously, be called an engagement. Sometime during the day of the 8th, Gen. George Weedon was dispatched with a brigade to "bring on the attack". They marched to a hillside near Red Clay Presbyterian Church and observed the enemy across the creek, waiting for an attack to come. None did, but a few shots were fired across the valley, likely in the area around Mill Creek Road and Stoney Batter Road. As Walt notes (and anyone who's every driven there can attest), the hillsides climb rapidly on both sides of Mill Creek there.
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| Gen. Weedon, Hero of the Battle of Mill Creek (Ok, yes, that might be pushing it) |
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