Mamluks Warriors

A Mamluk was a slave origin soldiers, who were mostly Cumans or Kipchak. Mamluk was most dominated powerful warrior caste in the Muslim societies from 9^th century to 19^th century. As great warriors they have a great political power in the hand and they became a sultan also. They showed their power in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and India. In (1250–1517), Mamluk captured the Egypt and Syria and became a “Mamluk Sultanate”.  Mamluk Sultanate become famous in the Battle of Ayn Jalut against Mongols and drives them back. 

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Julius Caesar - Dictator of the Roman Republic

Gaius Julius Caesar (100BC to 44BC) is one the most popular person in the world history. He was born in Subura, Rome. During 60 B.C Caesar came into politics to alliance with Pompey and Crassus, and then he ruled Roman politics for several years.

In 61BC to 60 BC he worked as a Spain Governor under Rome province. The next year he was appointed as a Governor of Gaul. Few parts of Gaul only rules by Romans and others were occupied by Gaul tribes. The tribes were gives more trouble to Romans. First time Caesar gathered his military and captured the tribe’s area. Then he captured the modern France and Belgium to extend Roman Empire. He is the first Roman who invades Britain through Rhine River.

Caesar’s victory in the war gave a big name in the Rome and the people. At that time Julius Caesar became most popular person in Rome Republic. In 49 BC Caesar became leader of the Rome Empire. Later his attitudes changed and he declared himself as a dictator for a life. Central power of Rome can’t digest his moves and his dictatorship in Rome Empire. They planned to murder Julius Caesar and assassinate him in 44BC.  

Julius Caesar “Dictator of the Roman Republic”.

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Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan (1206-1227) was a great Mongol warrior. He was a founder of Mongol empire by uniting the northeast Asian tribes. He was originally called as “Temujin” but after founding the Mongol empire he announce himself as “Genghis Khan”. 

He captured most of the Eurasia and invaded various Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties, few parts in Middle East Asia, Russia and Eastern Europe.  Before his death he captured sub continent of central Asia and china.

Genghis Khan is still famous for mass massacres. During his invasion in Khwarezmia he killed almost all the civilians in the nation. Mongol empires killed 40 million innocent people during their invasions. "Genghis Khan" the name which always gives a fearsome look in history.

Modern Mongolians are celebrating him as a founder and father of Mongolia. 

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Battle of Marathon

The First Persian invasion on Greece begins in 490 BC. The war between citizen of Athens and Persian force starts at the place called “Marathon, Greece”. At first Persian force captured few places in marathon with the help of 600 ships and 100,000 soldiers. Later 10,000 Athenians and Plataeans were attack the Persians with tremendous force. In this battle there were 6,400 Persians killed and 6 war ships were destroyed by Greece but only 192 Greece were killed in this battle.

The Greece runner “Pheidippides” who runs 26 miles and 385 yards from the battle field into Athens and Says “Nike Nike” (Victory, Victory) then he dropped dead at that place. The long distance race was named “Marathon “after this battle.

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War of Kadesh

In 1275 B.C, the great war between Hittite Empire and Egyptian Empire in the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River. Muwatali II (Hittite Empire) with 50,000 soldiers including 3,700 chariots and Ramesses II (Egyptian empire) with 20,000 soldiers was involved in the battle. Finally both empires claim victory.

The War of Kadesh was the first battle in the history to be recorded with full details. And also greatest chariots fought ever in the history merely 5,000 to 6,000 chariots used in this battle.

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Cyrus the Great

Cyrus the Great (600 BC or 576 BC – 530BC) was a great warrior and the founder of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. Cyrus the Great was one the largest empire in the world. He expands his regain mostly southwest Asia, central Asia, and Indus River in east and up to part of Europe Mediterranean Sea in west. His achievements in Human rights, politics, war strategies and also he had an influence of both western and eastern cultural.

He also known as King of Babylon, King of Persia, King of Media, King of Anshan, Akkad and King of Sumer, King of the four corners of the World.

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Spartans

Sparta is the ancient city of Greece and its peoples are called “Spartan”. Spartans soldiers were had no fear and  bravest warriors in the world. They were specially trained for war and fighting to serve in military. At the age of 7 Spartan boys were leaved their family and start training for battle. They have to spend their whole life in military only. By birth, male Spartans must appear strong otherwise the city officials will leave the kid on the hill to die.

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Alexander The Great

Alexander III the Macedon (356 BC Pella – 323 BC Babylon) was a king of Macedon (Northern part of Greece). In Ancient history, Alexander the Great Considered one the largest empire in the world at the age of 30. He was a student of Great philosopher called “Aristotle”. In his lifetime he never undefeated by anyone and his kingdom stretched from Lonian sea to Himalaya. After the series of invasion, he was fall in ill and died in Babylon at 323 BC.

While he was ten, the horse was traded from Thessaly. The horse refused to mount anyone and Phillip ordered to take away. Finally, Alexander managed to turn and controlled the horse and then he named the horse “Bucephalus”. Phillip was amazed by Alexander brave act and says “"My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. Macedon is too small for you". Throughout the whole journeys of Alexander was combined with “Bucephalus”. During the Invasion of India, Bucephalus was killed.

Alexander invaded Thrace, Illyria, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Babylonia, Persia, Sogdiana, and part of India.  He had titles “King of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Shah-an-shah of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt and Lord of Asia”.

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Chandraguptha Maurya

In 323 B.C., after the death of Alexander the new wave started in India and its sub continent. A man who defeat the strong Magadha kingdom from the Ganges valley and after next 24 years he conquered the northern India.

His name was called Chandraguptha Maurya (340 BC – 298 BC) and he was trained by the great Chanakya who had wide knowledge in economics, politics, military war, foreign affairs, administration and religion. He was a personal adviser for Chandragutha, without him there is no Mauryan empire.

In 322 B.C Chandraguptha Maurya defeat and overthrown the Nandha dynasty. He found a new empire called “Maurya Empire”. In 303 BC the war between Greek satrapies and Mauryans, he defeats the Greek king Macedonian and crowned as King of Taxila. After his death his grandson Ashoka the Great became the king of Mauyran Empire.

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Battle of Gaugamela

Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC) was one of the greatest battles between Alexander the Great (Macedon) and Darius III of Persia (Achaemenid Empire).  Darius III was ready with his infantry, chariots and war elephants to fight against Alexander. Darius III suppose to won that battle but due to Alexander’s cleaver war tactics which defeat the massive Persians and his scouting force captured merely 4,000 Persian war talents.  

The other name of Battle is also known as “Battle of Arebela”.

Alexander placed various types of war tactics and attacks. Sometimes night attack also which made Persians army with more fear and Darius III awake his army even at night. 

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Ashoka the Great

Ashoka the Great (304 BC- 232 BC) was a famous ancient Indian emperor who ruled from 269 BC to 232 BC. He was king of Maurya Dynasty and the grandson of Chandraguptha Maurya.  His regime was starts from part of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan in western part, Assam and Bangladesh at east, Kerala and Andra pradesh at southern part.

The Kalinga War: (265-264BC)

Ashoka invade the Kingdom of Kalinga (Bihar), before no one invades that kingdom of Kalinga from Maurya dynasty except Ashoka. He fought against with the Kalinga King “Raja Anantha Padmanabhan”. In this war there were more than 100,000 soldiers and including Kalinga civilians were killed in both sides. Ashoka had seen thousands of army men, women and civilians were killed in the war field with the bloodshed. It causes a great destruction in king Ashoka’s mind.

After the war of Kalinga, Ashoka embraced Buddhism due to the strong impact in the war of Kalinga. Later he decides to spread Buddhism to all over Asia. He played an important for the development of Buddhism in India.

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Socrates

Socrates (469 BC- 399 BC) was a great Greek classic philosopher in Athens. He played a prominent role in the formation of western philosophy. His students Plato and Xenophon worked for the foundation of western philosophy. Many claims most of the Plato’s dialogues were from the accounts of Socrates writing in olden days. 

The concept of Socrates irony and Socrates methods commonly used for wide range of discussion. Socrates made a great contribution in the field of Epistemology and Logic, and his ideas were provide a strong influence for the foundation of western philosophy. At the age of 71 Socrates accused for “Corrupting the Athens youth mind” and sentenced for death.

Socrates Quotations:

“The unexamined life is not worth living.”

-Socrates, in Plato, Dialogues, Apology

“If a man is proud of his wealth, he should not be praised until it is known how he employs it.”

   -Socrates

“The only good is knowledge and the only evil is ignorance.”

   -Socrates

“I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.”

   -Socrates

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Mohenja Daro - Indus Valley Civilization

During 2600 BC, People built a new and well planned city called “Mohenja-Daro” one of the largest urban settlements of the “Indus Valley Civilization” and it situated in Sindh, Pakistan. The city layout is well planned on Street-grid of rectilinear buildings and it’s built with mud-bricks and wooden superstructures. 

There is merely 3500 residence, public buildings and social organization buildings. UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized this city as ancient archeological site.

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