Arnold Wycombe Gomme

A short biography of A.W. Gomme (1886-1959), Trinity College, Cambridge, is available from the University of Glasgow archives.

Gomme's parents appear in ODNB:

• Sir (George) Laurence Gomme (1853-1916).
• Alice Bertha Gomme (née Merck), Lady Gomme (1853-1938)
  

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'Trafficking' antiquities from Melos

The issue of looting and the destruction of archaeological sites is not a new one. Cecil Harcourt-Smith, at the Annual Meeting of Subscribers in July 1897 commented about the need for excavation on Melos:

The antiquities of the islands are in many instances still comparatively unexplored, and are subject to the caprice, or even the trafficking, of the ignorant peasantry, and it is therefore highly desirable that, before it is too late, everything that can be done should be done to place on record their valuable but steadily disappearing remains of art and history.

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BSA Students and the Board of Education

Several former BSA students joined the Board of Education.

• Joseph Grafton Milne (1867-1951). Manchester Grammar School. Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Assistant Master (6th Form) at Mill Hill School (1891-93); Junior and Senior Examiner, and Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education (1893-1926); Reader in Numismatics, Oxford University (1930-38); Deputy Keeper of Coins, Ashmolean Museum (1931-51); Librarian, Corpus Christi College (1933-46).
• William Loring (1865-1915). Eton. King's College, Cambridge. Fellow (1891). Examiner for the Board of Education (1894-1903); Called to the Bar, Inner Temple (1898); private secretary of Sir John Eldon Gorst MP (1835-1916), vice-president of the committee of council on education; Served in the Boer War (1899-1902) and wounded at Moedwill; personal secretary to Sir William Reynell Anson MP (1843-1914), parliamentary secretary to the Board of Education with responsibility for the 1902 Education Act; Director of Education under the West Riding C.C. (1903-5); Warden of Goldsmith's College, New Cross (1906). Hon. Secretary of British Schools in Athens and Rome.
• Robert John Grote Mayor (1869-1947). Eton. King's College, Cambridge. Fellow (1894). Education Department (1896); Call to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn (1899); Assistant Secretary, Board of Education (1907-19); Principal Assistant Secretary (1919-26); Chairman of Committee on co-operation between Universities and Training Colleges (1926-8); and of Central Advisory Committee for certification of Teachers (1930-5).
• Adolph Paul Oppé (1878-1957). Charterhouse. New College, Oxford. Lecturer in Greek, St Andrews University (1902); Lecturer in Ancient History, Edinburgh University (1904); Examiner in the Board of Education (1905); seconded to Victoria and Albert Museum (1906-07, 1910-13); seconded to Ministry of Munitions (1915-17); Select Committee on National Expenditure (1917-18); retired from Board of Education (1938).
  

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BSA and Wales

There are surprisingly no students admitted to the BSA from universities in Wales in the period up to the First World War. Yet there was a growing interest in classical archaeology in the constituent colleges. George Chatterton Richards (1867-1951) was a BSA student (1889-1891), and worked with Ernest Gardner at Megalopolis. Richards was appointed professor of Greek at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire (1891-98). During this period he was not only ordained, but also served as Assistant Director of the British School under David Hogarth (1897).

Richards was succeeded by Ronald Montagu Burrows (1867-1920) who held the post until 1908 when he moved to Manchester. Cardiff had a succession of Greek archaeologists including Percy Neville Ure (1879-1950) who was lecturer in Greek from 1903 until moving to Leeds. Though neither Burrows nor Ure were officially admitted as students, they excavated at Rhitsona in Boeotia (though it was not an official BSA dig). It was a Cardiff student, G.E. Holding, who may hold the honour of being the first woman to work on a British field-project in Greece, Rhitsona.

Henry J.W. Tillyard held the chair of Greek at University College, Cardiff (1926-46). He had previously held the chair of Latin, University College, Johannesburg (1919-21), and the chair of Russian at Birmingham (1921-26).

The only other university in Wales that employed former BSA students as lecturers was Bangor. It had become part of the University of Wales in 1893; previously it had been the University College of North Wales awarding London degrees (1884-93). William John Woodhouse (1866-1937), who had been working in Aitolia, joined the department as assistant lecturer in 1896; he left in 1899 to become lecturer in Ancient History and Political Philosophy at St Andrews. Edward S. Forster (1879-1950), who had worked at Praesos on Crete and as part of the survey of Laconia, joined the department as assistant lecturer (1904-05). He left for to be lecturer (and later professor) of Greek at Sheffield.

(Sir) Henry Stuart-Jones (1867-1939) served as Principal for the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth (1927-34) but resigned on the grounds of ill health.

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BSA Students in Australia and New Zealand

Former BSA students had a major impact on the teaching of classics in England outside Oxford and Cambridge (e.g. Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, London). Three former students held chairs in Australia and New Zealand.

• H. Arnold Tubbs (born c. 1865; Pembroke College, Oxford) worked with this Cyprus Exploration Fund and had to leave during the final season of excavations in Cyprus in 1890 to take up the position of professor of Classics at University College, Auckland, New Zealand.
• William John Woodhouse (1866-1937; The Queen's College, Oxford) had worked on the Megalopolis excavations and then conducted a survey in Aetolia. He was assistant lecturer in Bangor and then lecturer in St Andrews. In 1901 he was appointed professor Greek at the University of Sydney. He was also the honorary curator of the Nicholson Museum of Antiquities (1903-37).
• Cecil A. Scutt (1889-1961; Clare College, Cambridge) had been admitted to the BSA just before the outbreak of the First World War. He was an assistant master at Repton for two terms (1915-16), and joined Military Intelligence in Macedonia; he was invalided out of the army in 1918. In 1919 he was appointed professor of Classical Philology, University of Melbourne (1920-55).

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Do Bodybuilding Cutting Exercises Work?

Bodybuilding Cutting Exercises Don't Work For Getting Ripped
By: Craig Ballantyne, CSCS, MS
www.TurbulenceTraining.com

If you do a lot of cardio trying to get ripped, you are wasting your time. Same with high repetition sets. High repetition sets do not get you cut or ripped.

This is a myth, and there's a much better way to sculpt your body, get ripped, and finally achieve the elusive 6-pack.

But again, let me repeat, you won't succeed with high-repetition sets using light weights. And don't even worry about the "pump", but that's another article for another day.

Getting ripped is all about nutrition and intensity. We want to be able to see our well-earned muscles and our 6-pack abs.

And that's why we get lured into the belief of the cutting exercises. Because it causes a burn in our muscles, we generally think, hey, this must be burning fat. But it's not! It's just a fatiguing sensation.

If you are using a high-rep, cutting program, I doubt you are getting the results you want. You don't need to be in the gym too long.

There is a better way to burn fat. A faster way. And a smarter way. It doesn't involve "toning" workouts or "Cutting exercises". What you need to do for fat loss, and getting cut, is to focus on the same exercises that helped you build muscle in the first place.

So forget the pec-dec, and stick with dumbell presses. Say goodbye to leg extensions, and keep using squats and lunges. Next up is the shocker! Use intervals to cut fat fast!

Instead, we'll use interval training to burn fat and boost our metabolism in less than half the time as a normal cardio workout. Only 20 minutes of interval training done 3 times per week resulted in weight loss in one Australian study.

On the other hand, three 40-minute cardio sessions did not cause any weight loss in the same study. Shocking results, but it just goes to show you the power of intensity.

No more slow boring aerobics. That means saying goodbye to light weights and high reps and long slow cardio. Goodbye, nice to know you! If you want to get ripped muscles, diet hard?

First, you need the proper dietary changes to promote muscle gains and body fat reductions. Nutrition is the most important factor for fat burning and getting cut.

If your nutrition sucks, and you eat fast food or skip meals, you are in big trouble. There is no workout good enough to overcome bad nutrition. Next, focus on multi-muscle strength exercises and finish with interval training to burn more calories out of the gym.

Basic exercises such as squats, pushes, rows, and pulls done for 3-4 sets of 8 repetitions. If you did a squat, a press, and a row in each workout, and then did intervals, you'd get ripped if your nutrition was good. Work hard! Diet harder.

Forget about slow boring cardio. You need to do short burst exercise instead. Consistency is key for getting cut.

Work hard, and diet harder!


About the Author:
Craig Ballantyne is a Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist and writes for Men's Health, Men's Fitness, Maximum Fitness, Muscle and Fitness Hers, and Oxygen magazines. His trademarked Turbulence Training fat loss workouts have been featured multiple times in Men’s Fitness and Maximum Fitness magazines, and have helped thousands of men and women around the world lose fat, gain muscle, and get lean in less than 45 minutes three times per week. For more information on the Turbulence Training workouts that will help you burn fat without long, slow cardio sessions or fancy equipment, visit www.TurbulenceTraining.com

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Oxford and Craven University Fellowships

Craven Fellowships

The Fellowships shall be open to all who shall have passed the examinations required for the degree of Bachelor of Arts and who shall not have exceeded the 28th term from their matriculation. They shall be of the annual value of £200, and shall be tenable for two years. One Fellow shall be elected annually in Michaelmas Term by a committee of five persons appointed for the purpose by the Board of the Faculty of Arts (Literæ Humaniores). The committee shall have power to elect either without examination or after such examination in Greek and Latin literature, history and antiquities, or in some part of these subjects, as they shall think fit. … He shall be required as a condition of his becoming entitled to the emoluments of his Fellowship to spend at least eight months of each of the two years of his tenure thereof in residence abroad for the purpose of study at some place or places approved by the selecting committee.

• 1886/87. David George Hogarth. Magdalen College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1885).
  
• 1888/89. H. Arnold Tubbs. Pembroke College. BA (1889). BSA admitted 1888/89.
  
• 1889/90. George Chatterton Richards. Balliol College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1889).
  
• 1890/91. Henry Stuart-Jones. Balliol College; Fellow of Trinity College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1890).
  
• 1891/92. William John Woodhouse. Queen's College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1889). Admitted BSA 1889/90 (Oxford Studentship; Sir Charles Newton Studentship).
  
• 1892/93. John Linton Myres. New College; Fellow of Magdalen College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1892).
  
• 1895/96. Campbell Cowan Edgar. Oriel College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1895).
  
• 1896/97. John George Clark Anderson. Christ Church. Lit. Hum. 1st (1896).
  
• 1898/99, 1899/1900. Francis Bertram Welch. Magdalen College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1898).
• 1899/1900. John Henry Hopkinson. University College. Lit. Hum. 2nd (1899).
• 1901/02. Marcus Niebuhr Tod. St John's College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1901).
• 1904/05. Guy Dickins. New College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1904).
• 1906/07. Thomas Eric Peet. The Queen's College. Lit. Hum. 2nd (1905).
• 1907/08. William Moir Calder. Christ Church. Lit. Hum. 1st (1907).
• 1908/09. Maurice Scott Thompson. Corpus Christi College. Lit. Hum. 2nd (1907).
• 1910/11 (awarded 1909). William Reginald Halliday. New College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1909).
• 1913/14. Roger Meyrick Heath. Oriel College. Lit. Hum. 1st (1912).

Craven Studentship
The Oxford studentships were nominated by the Committee of the Craven Fund. They were initially worth £50, but were then offered in alternate years worth £100. (See also Cambridge Studentships.)

• 1889/90. William John Woodhouse . The Queen's College.
• 1890/91. Joseph Grafton Milne. Corpus Christi.
  
• 1891/92. Charles Cuthbert Inge. Magdalen College.
• 1892/93. J. Milne Cheetham. Christ Church.
• 1896/97. John Winter Crowfoot. Brasenose.
• 1897/98. Alfred John Spilsbury. The Queen's College.
  
• 1898/99. John Knight Fotheringham. Merton; Senior Demy at Magdalen College (1898-1902).
• 1900/01. Kingdon Tregosse Frost. Brasenose.
• 1901/02. Marcus Niebuhr Tod. St John's. Senior Student.
  
• 1902/03. Edward Seymour Forster. Oriel.
• 1904/05. Max Otto Bismark Caspari (Max Cary). Corpus Christi.
  
• 1906/07. Guy Dickins. New College.
• 1910/11. Edward Stanley Gotch Robinson. Christ Church.
• 1912/13. Stanley Casson. St John's.
• 1914/15. Cyril Bertram Moss-Blundell. New College. Student elect.
  

This list will be updated.

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Cambridge and other studentships

There were several sources of funding for Cambridge students including the Prendergast Greek Studentship and the Craven Studentship (both worth £200), and the Cambridge Studentships (initially worth £50, and then £100 but awarded in alternate years).

The Worts Fund

• Edward Frederic Benson (1867-1940). King's. BSA 1891/92 (Worts Fund).
• The Fund awarded the BSA £100 per annum, initially for three years, 'with a view to encouraging archaeological research in Hellenic lands' (October 1895).
• Alan J.B. Wace and John P. Droop were awarded £30 'towards defraying the expense of an excavation to be undertaken in Southern Thessaly' (December 1907).

Other Funds

• 1887/88: Montague Rhodes James (1862-1936). King's. Grant of £100 from Cambridge University for work on Cyprus.
• 1901/02: Elizabeth Hilda Lockhart Lorimer (1873-1954). Girton: Pfeiffer Studentship, £40 (1901/02), 'to proceed to Athens to study Athenian vase paintings of the latter half of the fifth century B.C.'.
• 1903/04: Margery Katharine Welsh (1880-1960). Newnham: Marion Kennedy Studentship from Newnham College 1903/04.
• 1903/04: John Laurence Stokes (1881-1948). Pembroke: Prior Scholarship from Pembroke College 1903/04.

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Cambridge Studentships

Two studentships, each worth £50, were offered to students from Oxford and Cambridge from 1886. The studentships were then combined to make a single studentship, worth £100, to be offered to Cambridge and Oxford students in alternate years.

Other sources of funding for Cambridge students included the Prendergast Greek Studentship and the Craven Studentship (both worth £200).

The Cambridge Studentships included:

• 1886/87 (Cambridge and Craven University Student): Ernest Arthur Gardner (1862-1939). Gonville & Caius. First Cambridge student.
• 1889/90: William Loring (1865-1915). King's. Part 2, 1st (1889).
• 1890/91: Edward Ernest Sikes (1867-1940). St John's. Part 2, archaeology, 1st (1890).
• 1891/92: Arthur George Bather (1868-1928). King's. Part 2, 1st (1891). First admitted 1889/90.
• 1892/93: Edward Frederic Benson (1867-1940). King's. Part 2, 1st (1891). First admitted 1891/92 (Worts Fund).
• 1893/94: Arthur George Bather (1868-1928). King's. Previous holder of Cambridge Studentship (1891/92); Prendergast Greek Studentship (1892/93).
• 1898/99: Clement Gutch (1875-1908). King's. Part 2, Greek and Roman Archaeology, 1st (1898).
• 1899/1900: Solomon Charles Kaines-Smith (1876-1958). Magdalene. Part 2, 1st (1898).
• 1901/02: Frederick William Hasluck (1878-1920). King's. Part 2, 1st (1901).
  
• 1905/06: Henry Julius Wetenhall Tillyard (1881-1968). Gonville & Caius. Part 2, 1st (1904).
• 1909/10: Sidney Wilson Grose (1886-1980). Christ's. Part 2, classical archaeology, distinction (1909).
  
• 1911/12: Margaret Masson Hardie (1885-1948). Newnham College. 1st.
  
• 1913/14: Max Ludwig Wolfram Laistner (1890-1959). Jesus College. Part 2, 1st (1912). BSA Craven Studentship 1912/13.

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Yeraltı Heykel Ordusu - Terracotta Army (Çin)

Dünyanın en ilgi çekici imparator mezarı olarak kabul edilen, yaklaşık 2 bin yıl önce Çin tarihinin en önemli kişiliklerinden biri olan İmparator Qin Shihuang tarafından inşa ettirilmiş olan ve Dünyanın 8. Harikası olarak tanımlanan müzenin diğer adı imparatorun ismini taşıyan Qin Shihuang Mezarlığıdır.

Mezarı yaptıran Qin (M.Ö 259-M.Ö 210), Çin feodal toplumunun ilk imparatoruydu. Çin'i birleştiren ilk hükümdar olan Shihuang döneminde Çin siyasal güçlenme aşamasına başlamıştır.

O zamanlar imparatorlar kendileri için lüks mezarlar hazırladıklarından, Qing Shi huang da daha 13 yaşındayken, tahta çıkar çıkmaz hemen mezarını hazırlamaya başladı. Başlangıçta yüksekliği 120 metre, genişliği de 500 metre olan bu mezarın günümüzdeki yüksekliği 76 metre genişliği de 100 metreye kadar indi. Tarihi kayıtlara göre, yaklaşık 20 milyon nüfuslu Qing İmparatorluğu'nda 700 bin kişi bu mezarın inşasında çalıştı.

(Devamı ve Geniş Bilgi Burada)

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