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Sparta 1906: the excavation team

The 1906 team consisted of:
  • Robert Carr Bosanquet (Director)
  • Guy Dickins
  • H.J.W. Tillyard
  • Mr Sejk (surveyor)
  • Ramsay Traquair (architect)
Later the team was joined by
  • Alan Wace
  • Richard Dawkins (who took charge of the work at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia)
Publications:
Bosanquet, R. C. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 1. The season's work." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 277-83.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 5. The sanctuary of Artemis Orthia." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 303-17.
—. 1905/06c. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 7. The cult of Orthia as illustrated by the finds." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 331-43.
Dawkins, R. M. 1905/06. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 6. Remains of the Archaic Greek period." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 318-30.
Dickins, G. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 4. The great altar near the Eurotas." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 295-302.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 10. The theatre and adjoining area." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 394-406.
—. 1905/06c. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 13. Topographical conclusions." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 431-39.
Tillyard, H. J. W. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 9. Inscriptions from the Artemisium." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 351-93.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 14. Inscriptions from the altar, the acropolis, and other sites." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 441-79.
Traquair, R. 1905/06. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 12. The Roman stoa and the later fortifications." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 415-30.
Wace, A. J. B. 1905/06a. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 2. The city wall." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 284-88.
—. 1905/06b. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 3. The heroön." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 288-94.
—. 1905/06c. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 8. The stamped tiles." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 344-50.
—. 1905/06d. "Laconia II. Excavations at Sparta, 1906. § 11. The Roman baths (Arapissa)." Annual of the British School at Athens 12: 407-14.

Cambridge students and the influence of Sir William Ridgeway

(Sir) William Ridgeway was appointed Disney Professor at Cambridge in 1892 (in succession to Percy Gardner). He was to be a major influence on Cambridge students especially in the field of prehistory.

Among the students who are likely to have been influenced by him up to the First World War are, in order of study:
  • Robert Carr Bosanquet: Trinity College, Part 2 1894.
  • Frank Russell Earp: King's College, Part 2 1894.
  • Frederick Arthur Charles Morrison: Jesus College, Part 2 1896.
  • John Cuthbert Lawson: Pembroke College, Part 2 1897.
  • Charles Douglas Edmonds: Emmanuel College, Part 2 1898.
  • Clement Gutch: King's College, Part 2 1898.
  • Solomon Charles Kaines Smith: Magdalene College, Part 2 1898.
  • John Hubert Marshall: King's College, Part 2 1900.
  • Frederick William Hasluck: King's College, Part 2 1901.
  • Richard McGillivray Dawkins: Emmanuel College, Part 2 1902.
  • John Laurence Stokes: Pembroke College, BA 1902.
  • Alan John Bayard Wace: Pembroke College, Part 2 1902.
  • John Percival Droop: Trinity College, Part 2 1904.
  • Henry Julius Wetenhall Tillyard: Gonville & Caius College, Part 2 1904.
  • Wilfred Jerome Farrell: Jesus College, Part 2 1905.
  • Arnold Wycombe Gomme: Trinity College, Part 2 1908.
  • Lawrence Berkley Tillard: St John's College, BA 1909.
  • Eustace Mandeville Wetenhall Tillyard: Jesus College, Part 2 1911.
  • Max Ludwig Wolfram Laistner: Jesus College, Part 2 1912.
  • Cecil Allison Scutt: Clare College, Part 2 1912.
Among them are three directors (Bosanquet, Dawkins, Wace).

7 Ways To Get Motivated For Exercise & Fitness

7 Ways To Get Motivated For Your Workout
By: Craig Ballantyne, CSCS, MS
www.TurbulenceTraining.com

There will be days (everyday?) when you don't feel like doing your workout.

Sometimes you don't want to get out of bed.

Sometimes you don't want to leave your office because you feel like there are too many deadlines (but this is when you need a workout the most!).

Sometimes you don't want to end story time with the kids only to head down to the basement gym.

It even happens to me.

But I knew how I'd feel like a million bucks after the workout.

And in the end, I know I can't let myself become "soft" and start skipping workouts. I have to lead by example.

But if you are set on achieving a goal, then when it's workouttime, come heck or high water you've got to bear down and do the job.

So here are 7 ways to get motivated for your workout and to get you inspired to get through your workout.

1. Reward yourself. Finish your workout and treat yourself to a magazine, a TV show, some extra time with your family, some new songs for your IPOD, or even a little extra time for yourself.

2. Or set up a punishment for missing workouts. Skip the workout, put $20 into a jar to spend on home repairs. Make sure your spouse controls the jar.

3. Review your goals everyday and every night. Keeping your goals fresh in your mind will help you stay on track.

4. Realize that the hardest part of the workout is often getting your butt to the gym. Once you get 5 minutes into the workout, you will be over the hump. So tell yourself, "I'll just go in and do 1 set of the first 2 exercises, then I can go". Next thing you know, you'll have done the entire workout.

5. Visualize yourself doing a great workout and finishing strong. Get yourself mentally prepared and you will literally have better workouts each time.

6. Crank the tunes. Seriously, nothing motivates like music.

7. Get social support. If you have a workout partner, you'll feel like crap if you let them down. Or become accountable to everyone in the Turbulence Training workout forums...if you don't post your workouts, they'll track you down and demand to know why you've fallen off track! So online or offline, get everyone on your side!

Now get out there and kick the fat to the curb.

Craig Ballantyne, turbulencetraining.com

Top Brands Exercise Machines

Two Top - Reviewed Brands of Exercise Machines
By Lance Davidson

In the arena of workout equipment and exercise machines, there are a couple of names that stand out. In this piece, we will try to give you a little more insight into these brands.

One such brand is York home equipment. York's equipment includes treadmills, elliptical machines, exercise bikes, and rowing equipment. They now offer new "exercise while you play" equipment as well. The kilowatt system doesn't have any weights, plates or cables attached. You use your own body like a joystick of a video game and you can exercise as well as play!

For people who enjoy boxing and similar sports, York offers punching and swivel bags, shoes, gloves, etc. They also cover Martial Arts with their target and kick bags. For weight training, they carry the light York home gym equipment that is perfect for home workouts. Exercise machines and equipment such as dumbbells, braces, lat bars, incline and decline benches will definitely work different parts of your body like legs, arms and torso, giving you a full body workout.

Another equipment giant is Spirit. Spirit has been committed to making machines for over 20 years. This brand is manufactured in Jonesboro, Arkansas by Spirit Manufacturing, Inc. The pieces retail around $1,000-$2,000. The treadmills feature heavy-duty chassis and motors for optimum wear. The machines have powder-coated steel frames and stable inclines as well as balanced fly-wheels for a vibration-free running and walking platform.

They also carry the best warranties in the industry, upwards of 30 years. With models such as the X-T475, X-T375, and XT-175, you are sure to find an exercise machine to suit your needs. Spirit treadmills seem to be competing well with other brands. When it comes to quality reports and warranties, the latest exercise machines are receiving rave reviews and high praise!

Find the perfect exercise machine to get you in shape FAST at http://www.treadmillguy.info including platform treadmills.

Passage Making

Current Location: Indian Ocean (underway from Thailand to Maldives)
Current Position: 05 59.4 N 079 39.3 E
Next Destination: Maldives


Ahhhh. The joys of passage making. The fresh sea air, crystal blue oceans, all the open space, and endless amounts of time. NOT! Try, motion sickness, headaches, never ending noise (either from the waves, winds, rigging, or sails), sleep deprived days, and endless amounts of boredom. I am not a sailor, and after four years of cruising can honestly and accurately state that I will never be one. I endure because it is a means to an end, but that doesn't mean there is an inkling of joy. Because of this it always entertains me to meet true, hearty, love-to-sail, sailors. I don't believe there are many of them, while most of us don't love passages, few hate them as I do, but few also relish in them. On this passage we are traveling with a couple who I believe actually enjoy the passage, even look forward to it. For a few days we were in VHF range with Uhuru, and Rudy (the husband of said couple), would call us occasionally to say hi. He sounded as though he was ready to spout rows of poetry at any minute. Ahhhh, he would say in his thick accent, this is beautiful, so beautiful, we have wind and are sailing, and ahh it is just wonderful. And he would say this as I watched their little 27 foot (yes, two-seven FEET) boat roll from side to side, just watching made me feel like hurling. They have no refrigeration and attempt to keep their boat light, so Chris and I spent much of our time pondering what they eat on passage since we know they hadn't done a major provision like us. When they caught a fish Rudy would call and tell us about the succulent meal they had. And when they caught extra fish, they salted them and set them out to dry. Rudy called as the sun was setting one evening to report, "this was a most magnificent day, I just took a perfect photograph, with freshly salted fish still dripping from the lifelines, dolphins playing beneath, and the white caps of the waves in the background." Then he sighed with what sounded to me like full contentment. While I didn't share his enthusiasm he did make me smile, and I could almost imagine that maybe I too was enjoying myself.

The one thing I can agree with Rudy on is the fishing. Finally, after the fishing drought of Indonesia, we are enjoying catching something other than plastic bags! On our third day out we caught a 1-1.5 meter Mahi Mahi. Fresh fish tacos at last. Then on the evening of the next day, just as the sun was setting, all three lines went - bam, Bam, BAM! We've got three fish, Chris yelled, as I started clearing cushions away. He unhooked the first (a yellowfin tuna) and threw it into our fish bag. He was dropping the line back in the water (to get it out of the way while we pulled in the other two), when BAM another tuna hooked on! The hook was only a few feet from the stern, he hadn't even finished letting the line back out. This was a true feeding frenzy! After that he left the lines piled in the cockpit rather than throwing them back in. We kept two of the four tuna, and I was a happy camper eating sashimi the next day at lunch. We didn't fish for the next couple of days, waiting for room in the freezer to open up, but with three to four days left till we reach the Maldives we are at it again, and I have no doubt Chris will reel in something tasty.

The tuna came in handy for Chris' birthday as well. On the 23rd we had a birthday celebration with heaps of sashimi followed by some warped brownies (brownies don't set too evenly when baked in a moving boat, they come out looking a bit like a topography map of the ocean floor).

And then came probably the most tiring night of the passage. As we came by Sri Lanka (where we didn't stop because of civil unrest), the shipping traffic was amazing. Huge freighters everywhere. We would've preferred to pass the area in the day, but as it was we were in the thick of things around 10pm and through to the morning. I took first watch, with Chris telling me to wake him for anything at all. I should explain that I'm not very good with freighters, especially at night. There is something about their lighting scheme that causes me trouble with figuring out how far away they are, and more importantly whether I'm in their way! Chris had only been down for about 30 minutes when he heard me turn the radar on. He asked if I was okay and I said there was a light that looked close but I couldn't see it on the radar and would he mind looking. One look and he said, That ship? It's miles away! He turned on the computer and the AIS (a very-nice-to-have ship tracking unit) and sure enough it was 12 nautical miles away. But it was sooo bright! As Chris went back to bed he commented, this is going to be a looong night!!! After that I managed okay on my first watch, now having a sense for the distance of all the lights on the horizon.

A few hours later, about one hour into Chris' watch I woke up and could hear him yelling. I had one ear plug in so I couldn't make out what he was saying, but I also noticed a bright light shining into our boat. I jumped up and rushed out, realizing at the same time that his voice didn't sound stressed, and he was saying, "No, no smokey, sorry". I put on a shirt and asked if everything was alright, yes he said, just a couple of fisherman. They stayed another few minutes asking again, "Smokey-smokey? Beer?", to which we replied no. By now my heart was back to a normal beating pattern and Chris and I had a good laugh over the visit. Probably the only three English words the fisherman know are; Smokey, Beer, and Fish. Throughout Indonesia and on into the area we will be traveling into, fisherman like to scope-out vessels going by. Curiosity, the chance for freebies, and probably boredom, send them buzzing like mosquitoes to a light towards yachts. If you aren't expecting it (and even sometimes when you are) it can be disconcerting; a fast approaching, unlit boat racing at you in the middle of the night. But in the end they tend to be very friendly and full of smiles (even if it is midnight). I think that a lot of the bad press some waters get is from such events. Even a boat ahead of us reported back a couple of weeks ago that they had been approached and had to turn on the engine to, as they put it, get away. Our guess is that it was just a curious fisherman taking a look and that the cruisers didn't 'get away' from anything. But it is hard not to be paranoid when you are out here alone, and perhaps the fisherman would be more successful at getting some freebies if they approached at more appropriate hours!

At about 4am I was back on watch. About an hour into my watch more lights appeared in front of us. I watched them for a bit; I could figure out the general direction they were traveling, but was having trouble (as usual) with the distance. I'm sure it's a good 10 miles out, I thought. But I figured I'd give the radar a look anyway (the lights did look a little bright). Chris, of course, heard the radar go on and asked if I wanted him to look. I told him no, that I thought it was pretty far away and was only double checking. About that time the radar had finished its warm up and I said, "OH, it's closer than I thought, only 2 miles away!" Chris got out of bed, looked out the cockpit and said, "Um, go starboard, now!" We went as far starboard as we could (we were already tight on the wind), and Chris looked at the AIS. About the same time the huge shape of the ship took form in a dark, massive way. Yep, I was just a wee bit too close for comfort. It was no dramas, we missed him, and neither of us panicked, but it puzzles Chris (and myself) how I can't tell the difference between a boat 12 miles away and one only 2 miles away! At that point we decided just to leave the AIS running, and boy did it make my life easier. I told Chris it's a good thing we didn't encounter this much shipping traffic in our first year of cruising, otherwise I might not still be out here! In our first three years of cruising (up until Australia) we hardly ever saw a thing out here, and now, on an hourly basis we see more ships than in all those years of cruising. Anyway, I'm so glad we have the AIS system, I'm guessing it will save us both a few grey hairs!

As I write this it is just after lunch on Friday. We are now close enough (about 410 miles) that I've started working out the math, on how much longer it will take pending various speeds. We've had good wind almost the entire trip, up, of course, until now. Now it is on the nose and quite light. On top of that we have a current against us. Boats last week reported terrific positive currents and so we've been looking forward to them since leaving, but have yet to find this magical current. I was quite excited this morning because all we had to average was 5.4 knots and we could arrive by the end of Sunday. That should be so easy, especially if we have current with us. But, alas, things don't look good, we are now barely making 4 knots, and since we aren't on course (thanks to the crappy wind direction), we are really only making 3.5 knots towards our destination, and are over 12 miles off course (by the way upon waking Saturday morning we were more tha 22 miles off course). At this rate we'll be lucky to arrive by Tuesday afternoon! Ah, yes, the joys of sailing!

Fast Weight Loss Exercise Programs

For many people, losing weight is their first priority. From my own experience, I notice that those people who succeed in weight loss are those who have strong determination and discipline to stick with healthy diets and regular exercise.

Effective fat-burning exercise program doesn't need to be complicated. You will achieve your goal as long as you follow a healthy lifestyle and exercise regularly. In this post, I am going to share with you the exercise program by outlining an interval workout

Warm up is very important to prepare your muscles for an exercise activity. So make sure you do at least 5 to 10 minutes of warm up by stretching or jogging slowly.

If you're serious in losing weight, you should focus on interval training because it's a very effective form of exercise. The interval training routine is very simple, you perform a short burst but intense exercise followed by a recovery period. This routine is repeated over a period of time (20 minutes, 40 minutes or more), depending on your stamina.

Below is a sample of 20 minutes interval workout. Depending on your fitness level or stamina, you may want to increase or cut the period of time, but normally 20 minutes is good for most people. Make sure you do the full amount of time of warm up and cool down.


You will be able to lose weight and burn lot of fat FAST if you follow the interval training routine regularly and stick to healthy diets.

For more info on interval training, go to turbulence training.

BSA Students and the Levant

Former students of the BSA later influenced archaeological work in Egypt, the Levant, India and Britain.

One of the earliest to work in the Levant was John Garrow Duncan, an ordained minister of the Church of Scotland, who went to Athens in 1894/95. From there his interests turned to Egypt where he assisted Flinders Petrie. Duncan's focus lay in the link between Egypt and the Old Tesament.

One of the most experienced BSA excavators, Duncan Mackenzie (1861-1934), was to join the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) as 'Explorer' in December 1909. One of his first projects was at Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh). However shortage of funds led to the dismissal of Mackenzie and the cessation of the work at Ain Shems.

British work continued in the Levant with David Hogarth’s work at Carchemish which started in 1911. One of the team, T.E. Lawrence, was later recruited on the eve of the First World War, to take part in the survey of the Sinai peninsula (‘the Wilderness of Zin'), a project initiated by Hogarth through the PEF.

Other former BSA students continued to make their mark in the Levant. John Winter Crowfoot (1873-1959), who had excavated on Melos and then worked in Egypt, was elected Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem (1927-35). During Crowfoot's directorship Duncan excavated at the Ophel Quarter in Jerusalem on behalf of the PEF. Agnes Conway (1885-1950) (see her father, William Martin Conway), who had been admitted to the BSA on the eve of the First World War, later married George Wilberforce Horsfield, Director of Antiquities in Trans-Jordan (1924-36), and they participated in fieldwork together.

Inspiratory Muscle Trainer Can Help Older People To Exercise More

As we age, our respiratoty functions also decline...

This is one of the main reasons that's hampering the older adults to exercise. If older people are deterred from exercicing, their physical health can also decline quickly.

But, there is a technology called "inspiratory muscle trainer" that can help older people to exercise more easily. It's a small device that applies resistance as the user inhales through a valve. Study has shown that this device helps older people to gain breathing-muscle strength so that they can increase their physical activity.

Read the full story below....

Exercise During Pregnancy Helps You Keep Healthy

If you pregnant, it is natural that you will have several questions in your mind about pregnancy symptoms, exercise, diet and what to do and what not to do while pregnant. Moreover, the first thing that comes to your mind is whether it is safe to exercise during pregnancy, as you want to stay fit and in shape but without compromising on the health of your unborn baby.

Myth Broken

It is a myth that exercises can be harmful to the unborn as well as the mother. In fact, physical movements are beneficial for both the mother and the child, as it not only reduces physical discomfort, but also reduces stress and labor length. Here is a list of general frequently asked questions with answers about exercise during pregnancy:

Is It Safe To Do Workouts?

Working out while being pregnant is not only safe but also healthy, provided you do not have any complications during the pregnancy period. However, it is recommended to consult your doctor or mid-wives and take their approval.

Why Is Exercise Necessary?

As per a research, working out or mild exercise during pregnancy helps in reducing backaches and swelling of ankles, and constipation, which are some of the most common problems faced by pregnant women. In addition, it also gives energy and makes you feel fresh.

Does Exercise Help During Pregnancy?

The answer is 'Yes'. Exercising promotes muscles, strength, and endurance, thereby, helping the mother to carry the weight gained during this period.

I Do A Rigorous Workout. Is It Safe?

According to a study in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, healthy, well-conditioned women who exercised before pregnancy may continue to do so throughout pregnancy, without compromising their baby's health or development.

For How Long Should I Exercise?

The workout should be approximately 45 minutes long and should include warm-ups, the actual workout and cool downs.

What Precautions Do I Need To Take While Exercising, As I Had Never Worked Out Before?

Talk to doctor or midwife, and as far as you have the permission to proceed from them, you can engage yourself in mild exercise, like walking or swimming.

Immediately After The Birth Of My Child, What Exercises Can I Do To Regain My Shape?

Make sure you are physically ready before you start with the process of regaining you shape. Once you think you are fit to start with the exercise, begin with stretching and firming exercises and then gradually adding to the second set of exercises.

Just remember that you need to follow normal exercise safety aspects like, drinking lots of water, stopping immediately if you feel any pain etc. Most importantly, remember to speak to your doctor before starting any exercise regime.

Under the supervision of a doctor, exercise during pregnancy can be highly beneficial. The unwanted pregnancy symptoms can be greatly overcome if pregnant women opt to exercise. For more information please visit http://www.pregnancy-period.com.

Three Great Bodyweight Exercises For Fat Burning

Here are 3 great bodyweight exercises you can do anytime, anywhere to help you burn fat fast and stay energized. You don't need to buy any fancy equipment.

1. Single-Leg Exercise:
The single-leg squat to the floor exercise is one of the most effective bodyweight workout. You can also do single-leg squats with a band, or with a Stability Ball between your back and the wall.

2. Decline Push-ups
These are harder than normal pushups because your feet are elevated. In this position, you can use a close-grip to fatigue your triceps, a "piked-hip position" to build your shoulders, or even the Spiderman leg motion to work on your abs.

3. Bodyweight Inverted Rows
Most people choose these over chinups and pullups because bodyweight rows let your chest rest, while your back is strengthened. It's the perfect compliment to a pushup.

Do 8-12 repetitions per exercise. Don't rest between exercises. Go through the circuit up to 3 times, resting 1 minute after each circuit.

Go to Turbulence Training for more workout tips that can get you in shape fast.