David Hogarth on Melos

David Hogarth had excavated at Old Paphos with the Cyprus Exploration Fund (1888) and then at Koptos in Egypt with Flinders Petrie (1894). He then joined the Egypt Exploration Fund's excavation at Deir-el-Bahari (1894), before working at Alexandria with E.F. Benson (1895), a BSA student, and then the Faiyum (1895-96).

Petrie had been the main influence on Hogarth when he went to Phylakopi on Melos to direct the BSA's excavations there. He noted:

The workmen were all native Melians, a singularly honest and industrious lot as compared with many that I have had to do with in excavation work, but possessing little experience and not conspicuous intelligence. Consequently, while they were little likely to steal, they needed constant watching and directing; and I found it not advisable to introduce among them methods that, following Mr. Petrie, I had used from time to time in Egypt, under which the men are left very much to themselves. For instance, payment by cubic metre of earth excavated, which I had contemplated introducing in order not to have to "drive" the gangs, proved not feasible in view of the large quantity of valuable pottery which the soil everywhere contained. It would have been necessary to counteract the tendency to haste, which all metre work induces, by paying a price for countless sherds which up to then had had no money value in the island. Both the disbursement would have been too great for our funds, and an unfortunate precedent would have been introduced to disturb the Aracadian simplicity of the Melians.

Bibliography
Hogarth, D. G. 1897/98. "Excavations in Melos 1898. I. The season's work." Annual of the British School at Athens 4: 1-16.

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Francis Haverfield and Robert Carr Bosanquet

Phil Freeman was written a wonderfully detailed study of Francis Haverfield (1860-1919). In the section on Haverfield's 'associates', Freeman notes the strong link with Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935), of Rock Hall, near Alnwick, Northumberland. Apart from being Director of the BSA, Bosanquet excavated at Housesteads on Hadrian's Wall, and later in Wales when he held the chair of classical archaeology at Liverpool.

Freeman notes the close link between the two (especially over the work in Wales) but comments (p. 414):

How and when Bosanquet came into contact with Haverfield again is not known. ... their association has to go back to Haverfield's work around Hadrian's Wall, where Bosanquet was born and later farmed.

The answer probably lies in Thomas Hodgkin (1831-1913) who had close links with Haverfield through the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. Both were involved with the excavations at Corbridge (along with Haverfield's student Leonard Cheesman (1884-1915), who was subsequently admitted to the BSA).

In July 1902 Bosanquet married Ellen Sophia (1875-1965), Hodgkin's daughter, who had read modern history at Somerville College, Oxford. She recalled her frequent visits to Hadrian's Wall as a child:

From Chollerford you could start with the Roman Camp at Chesters and go to all the other camps along the Wall, especially dear Borcovicus (Housesteads). We went on this drive so often that Chapman said the horses drew up of their own accord when we came to the right halt for a camp or a view. And so even as children we became familiar with theories of vallum and milecastles.

The Hodgkins lived in rural Northumberland first at Bamburgh, and then at Barmoor Castle. Ellen mentioned the Bosanquets at social functions. Indeed, around 1892, she remembered meeting Bosanquet, then at Trinity College, Cambridge, on a walking-tour of the Wall with Ellen's brother Edward (also at Trinity).

Tellingly Ellen refers to Bosanquet's Oxford 'cronies' (in the autumn of 1902) but does not identify them. One was likely to have been Haverfield.

Bibliography
Bosanquet, E. S. n.d. Late harvest: memories, letters and poems. London: Chameleon Press.
Bosanquet, R. C. 1904. "Excavations on the line of the Roman Wall in Northumberland. 1: The Roman camp at Housesteads." Archaeologia Aeliana 25: 193-300.
Bosanquet, R. C. 1920. "Francis John Haverfield, F.S.A., a vice-president." Archaeologia Aeliana 17: 137-43.
Freeman, P. W. M. 2007. The best training ground for archaeologists: Francis Haverfield and the invention of Romano-British archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow. [Worldcat]

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Asia Minor Exploration Fund: Funding

One of the constant refrains of the BSA Managing Committee in the early years concerned finance. Yet this is hardly surprising given the demands from other archaeological projects in the eastern Mediterranean. George Macmillan was Honorary Treasurer of the Asia Minor Exploration Fund (AMEF) and made constant appeals:

• 1882: £520 raised
• 1883: £300 spent on travels in Anatolia; further appeal for £500.
  
• 1890: appeal for £500 to cover the 1890 season
  
• 1891: appeal for £400 to cover the 1891 season
  
• 1893: £150 raised (of which £100 from the Royal Geographical Society)
  
• 1893: appeal for £2000 to excavate at Derbe or Lystra

The BSA students were often involved with the work of AMEF from its earliest years, notably David Hogarth, John A.R. Munro, and Vincent W. Yorke.

The appeal for funds took a nationalistic tone:

It would be little to the credit of England if want of funds should oblige Professor Ramsay to leave the completion of his task to foreign hands. (1890)

One might wish that a foreign nation had not stepped in to a field which, with more liberality on the part of Englishmen, could have been covered completely by our own explorers, but the work is so vast that in the interests of knowledge the application of foreign zeal and money is not altogether to be regretted. (1891)

Very much yet remains to be done, and if the work so well begun by a small band of Englishmen is not to be left unfinished or transferred to foreign hands, English liberality must supply the funds necessary for its continuance. (1893)

It is little wonder that the BSA was only raising some £500 a year when there were such competing demands on the same subscribers.

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What Is Sports Nutrition?

Today is the day that you begin to enhance your game. As an athlete, you already know that you need to work hard at insuring that your skills on the court, field or track are the best they can be.

You want to insure that your body is doing everything in the correct manner from start to finish.

You may spend hours perfecting your movements. You may work to build your muscle to enhance how well you can throw that ball.

Or, you may spend countless hours pushing your body to just get past that race line by a fraction of a second better.

All of these things are essential parts to being a successful athlete. There is no doubt about that. But, that is not all that you need to handle either.

Off The Court Work Outs

Besides planning your next routine, your next set of reps and your next game, you should be concentrating on your nutrition. Think about it.

What your body eats is what makes it move.

What you put into your body is the fuel it will use to do the things that you want it to do.

What you do not put into your body can not help you to succeed either.

While it may sound hard to determine what the right products are, it does not have to be.

As an athlete, you need to focus your time on sports nutrition as much as you focus it on your workout.

You should take the time to learn about what your body needs, how it reacts to the foods you put into it and how well it will perform based on the fuels you provide it.

For more information, check out this best ebook on sports/fitness and nutrition.

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Türkçe OKS ve ÖSS soruları nasıl çözülür

Sevgili öğrenciler,

Amacınız İster Anadolu ve Fen Liselerine İster Üniversiteye girip, güzel bir eğitim alarak yarınlara en iyi şekilde hazırlanmak ve idealinizdeki mesleğe ulaşıp onu en iyi şekilde yapmak olsun. Bu amaca ulaşmak için gireceğiniz OKS sınavında sorulan 100 sorunun 25'i Türkçe dersinden ÖSS de ise sorulan soruların 60 tanesi Türkçe dersinden gelmektedir. OKS ve ÖSS Sınavlarını analiz ettiğinizde ve katsayılar dikkatle incelendiğinde Türkçe'nin önemini daha iyi anlayabilirsiniz.Türkçe’yi bütün kurallarıyla bilmek, sizin başarınız açısından oldukça önemlidir. Türkçe’yi iyi bilmek sadece Türkçe sorularını çözmekte değil, diğer derslere ait soruları çözmekte de işe yarayacaktır.

Sevgili öğrenciler, OKS ’de çıkan Türkçe soruları

1-Sözcükte,Cümlede Anlam Bilgisi,

2-Dil Bilgisi,

3-Anlatım Bozuklukları

4-Yazım Bilgisi

5-Edebiyat Bilgileri olmak üzere 5 temel başlıkta karşınıza çıkmaktadır.

Anlam bilgisi, her şeyden önce hızlı ve doğru okumanızı; okuduğunuzu anlamanızı ve anladığınızı yorumlamanızı gerektirir. Soruların büyük çoğunluğunun anlam bilgisi olması ve ezbere dayalı bir bilgi istememesi bunun kanıtıdır. Anlam bilgisi soruları kelime, cümle ve paragraf düzeyinde karşımıza çıkar. Sözcük anlamında, sözcüğün cümle içinde kazandığı değişik anlamları bulma, yorumlama ve deyimlerin anlamlarını kavramaya yönelik sorular sorulur. Cümle anlamında cümlede verilen yargıyı kavrama, yargının oluşmasında etkili olan yardımcı yargıları bulma, yargıyı aktaran kişinin yansıttığı duyguyu, düşünceyi anlama ile ilgili sorular gelmektedir. Cümle anlamında sizlerin anlama yeteneğiniz ölçülür. Ayrıca birbirine benzer yargılar arasından farklı olanı bulabilme üzerinde durulur.

Paragrafta sizden istenen, değişik yargılardan oluşan bir bütünü kavramanızdır. Bunu kavrarken aynı zamanda onun parçalarla olan ilgisini de anlamanız istenir. Paragraf soruları uzun olmasından dolayı zor soru olarak algılanır. Oysa bu soruların cevabı soruda verilen parçanın içinde gizlidir. Bu yönüyle belki de en kolay sorular paragraf sorularıdır. . Paragraf sorularını kolay çözmenin yolu bol paragraf sorusu çözmekten geçer.Paragrafı okumadan önce soru kökünü mutlaka okuyun ve ne sorulduğunu anlamaya çalışın. Ayrıca Anlam Bilgisi konusundan gelen soruları çözebilmek için az da olsa kitap okumaya çalışmalısınız. Ayda bir iki kitap bitirmeniz size fayda sağlayacaktır. Okuduğunuz metni özetlemeye, eleştirmeye çalışırsanız yaptığınız işin verimliliği daha da artacaktır. Burada değinmek istediğimiz önemli bir husus da sözlük kullanımıdır. Okuduğunuz metinde karşılaştığınız kelimelerden anlamlarını bilmediklerinizi öğrenmek, deyimlerin tam karşılığını bilmek, atasözlerini kavramak istiyorsanız bir Türkçe sözlük ve bir de atasözleri sözlüğü edinmelisiniz. Böylece sınavlarda çıkacak muhtemel deyim, atasözü ve kelime anlamı sorularını çok rahat çözebilme yeteneğine kavuşmuş olacaksınız.

Anlam bilgisi soruları nasıl çözülür?

Anlam bilgisi konusu Türkçe dersinin en önemli konusu olup, sınavlarda soruların % 85'inin de geldiği bölümdür. Dolayısıyla bu konuyu öğrenmek, başarıya ulaşmak için çok önemlidir. Türkçe dersinin en önemli konusu olan anlam bilgisin gelebilecek soruları çözmek için şunlara dikkat edilmelidir:

Günde bir sayfa da olsa kitap okunmalıdır. Kitap okuma alışkanlığı olmayanlar ilk başlarda gazetelerden ilgilerini çeken köşe yazılarını, daha sonra Dünya Klasikleri'nden olan hikâye ve romanları daha sonra ise düşünsel içerikli deneme kitaplarını okumalıdırlar.

Televizyon seyrederken, birilerini dinlerken, okurken veya herhangi bir nedenle duyulan ve anlamı bilinmeyen kelime ve kelime gruplarının anlamları sözlüklerden araştırılıp hemen öğrenilmeliler. Bunu için de her öğrencinin kütüphanesinde bir Türkçe sözlük, bir deyimler sözlüğü,bir atasözleri sözlüğü bir de imla kılavuzu bulunmalıdır. Okul Türkçe kitaplarının konularının işleniş bölümünde yer alan "Kelime çalışmaları" ve "Okuma, anlama, Anlatma" çalışmaları bölümleri mutlaka incelenmeli, çalışılmalıdır.

Okunan metinler üzerinde çalışma yapılarak konuları, asıl anlatılmak istenen düşünceleri, metinden çıkarılabilecek düşünceleri ve metnin yazarının veya şairinin konuyu ortaya koyarken içinde bulunduğu ruh hâlini belirleyerek not etmek gerekir.

Bu metinler başkalarına da anlatılabilir. Okunan hikâye veya bir romansa özetleme yapılabilir veya benzer kısa hikâyeler de yazılabilir. Veya hikâye belli bir noktada bırakılarak okuyucu tarafında tamamlanabilir.

Bu çalışmalar kişinin okuduğunu anlama ve anladığını sözlü veya yazılı şekilde ifade edebilme yeteneğini geliştirir. Bu kabiliyetleri gelişen kişilerin soruları daha kolay ve hızlı, ayrıca da doğru olarak çözebilecekleri görülecektir.

Soruları çözerken kalem kullanmak gerekir. Kelimelerin, cümlelerin anlamları belirlenip yanlarına yazılmalıdır. Bu belirlemeler yorumlanmalı ve kıyaslanmalı, sonra da istenen bilgiye ulaşılmalıdır.

Özellikle paragraf sorularında kalem kullanmak çok önemlidir. Sözel bir metindir, okumayla yapılır düşüncesi eksiktir. Okunan ve parçadan çıkarılan düşünceler, konu, ana fikir ve yazarın içinde bulunduğu durum not edilmelidir. Bu veriler sorunun çözümünde bizden istenen bilgiler olacaktır. Türkçe konuları birbirinin devamı olduğu için konuları sırayla ve anlayarak çalışın. Bir konuyu çok iyi anlamadan diğerine geçmeyin.

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How To Stay Motivated During Your Exercise Journey

I think we can all agree that the hard part with exercising is staying motivated. I totally understand and I go through this every so often. I try to remind myself by following a few simple rules that allow me to keep on track of my goals so I can continue to be encouraged with my exercising. Some of them start with short term goals or taking baby steps. As you begin to approach these smaller goals or accomplish them, you will build confidence. You will then become motivated since accomplishing anything is very rewarding. By knowing how much time and effort you've invested feels great when you begin to see results. So, let me discuss the rest of the points on how you can stay motivated.

1. Write down your short and long term goals. Next, acknowledge it by saying it to yourself or someone close to you such as a friend or spouse. By admitting it, you have taken action in implementing these goals. We tend to think about our goals in our mind but it was just a thought that passed by us so saying it aloud is a commitment we just made to ourselves.

2. Reflect back on previous attempts that have made you to stop exercising. Do you see the same pattern that you are heading or what are ways you can do things differently this time? Were you exercising too much the first few weeks and you decided it was just too much work? Start off with the basics and work out a schedule that you can handle and slowly progress from that stage. Lets face it, these days everyone has a busy lifestyle with their career, family and friends. Try to find a routine that is simple, quick, and consistent that works for you!

3. Be patient with your exercising. Most of us exercise so we can lose weight, tone up, stay healthy, etc. Seeing results isn't anything that is overnight or the first week. There are no short cuts in life and that goes for exercising as well. If you want to see results you have to be patient with yourself. If you are burning more calories than you eat, your body is continuing to change. Even if its slower than you expected, results are still present but at a slower process than you want. As they say good things come to those who wait!

4. Be around people who have similar interest as yourself. Get a training partner whether you are training at home, gym, etc. Having someone who can motivate you when you are down or tired helps a lot! I've gone through that road many times and having that training partner helped me immensely. Of course, some of us may not have a training partner and that is when your determination powers through to finish that work out. Also, talk to fitness professionals in the health industry and they can assist you or hire a qualified personal trainer.

5. Constantly monitoring your weight does not help at all. By getting on that dreaded scale, it can definitely discourage your progress if you haven't lost any weight. There are so many things that can play a factor such as attaining more lean muscle, water retention, etc. Muscle does weigh more than fat and I like to think things out from a logical point of view. If you feel and look better in your clothes then you are making great progress. Focus more attention about losing fat loss rather than weight loss.

6. Always educate yourself. Go to a book store, library, or surf the internet and read as much material on health and fitness. As they say knowledge is power!

7. Rewarding yourself is another bonus. Go to that much need massage after exercising hard since you've done a good job the past few weeks. Other ways to reward yourself can be going away for a day with a friend or spouse, check out a movie, buy yourself a small gift such as running shoes or workout clothes. We all need to feel self appreciated and this can definitely jump start yourself by knowing you deserve it!

8. Try to stay positive. I know each day is different and you may not feel the same way as you did the previous work out. Find ways to stay positive by remembering that you always feel great after exercising, finishing this workout will allow me to do my other things such as watching TV, you ate some junk food today so need this workout to balance the calories, etc. Sometimes being competitive can be good as well and the days you don't want to exercise, you can think to yourself that you don't want your training partner to being one step ahead of you!

9. Keep track of your progress. A simple way to keep motivated is to see how far you've come when you first started or what areas do you still need to improve. Keep a diary and log your exercise routine and training regimen. Set up your own progression chart on a set schedule by taking measurements of your body, weighing yourself, evaluating your body fat percentage. This can be done every 3-4 weeks to evaluate your progress.

10. Your determination and perseverance is the key to success. There are no gimmicks or tricks on this last point as success only come from within. It is up to you to succeed in life whatever your short or long term goals are.

So, here you have it and I just mentioned a few points on staying motivated. Really, there aren't any excuses for you to discontinue exercising besides it benefiting your overall health, reduced stress, and disease prevention to name a few!

Richard Chan is a Health and Fitness Life Coach, promoting good health internally and externally. For more information you can visit Richard Chan at http://www.flex-fitness.com regarding exercising, training or nutrition.

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Physical Fitness Assessment Questionnaire

Brad King and Dr. Michael Schmidt in “Bio Age, Ten Steps to a Younger You” (Macmillan, Canada, 2001) have devised a questionnaire for assessing physical damage to a body as a result of no exercise. We will borrow some of their guidelines, which we will summarize here:

Start with the question, “How do I look?” Do any of these answers apply to you?

• Am I overweight, looking like an apple or pear?
• Do I have a spare tire around my waist?
• Has my skin become excessively dry, almost paper-thin?

Next, ask: “How do I feel?”

• Do my joints hurt before or after any physical exertion?
• Am I constantly worried and anxious?
• Do I feel tired and sluggish most of the time?

Do I suffer from mood swings?

• Last question, “How am I doing?”
• Are simple walking and climbing stairs difficult?
• Do I have problems concentrating?
• Is running impossible for me now?
• Am I unable to sit straight, preferring to slouch or stoop my shoulders?

You’ve completed your basic assessment. Note, however, that other exercise or fitness gurus will have their own parameters or indices for assessing your body’s overall state and one isn’t better than the other.

As long as they include all dimensions of the self – physical, psychological and mental – they are as valid as the next person’s assessment charts.

>>> Check out the best guide on Fitness and Nutrition: "Burn The Fat Feed The Muscle".

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BSA Students and Archaeological Work in the Mediterranean Before the First World War

In the period up to the outbreak of the First World War BSA students were involved in archaeological work ranging from Sicily to Syria, from Tripolitania and Egypt to Macedonia (and beyond). Their focus was well beyond mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, and Crete.

Is there a major difference between official BSA archaeological projects and other work supported by students? For example, the excavations of the Cyprus Exploration Fund were directed by Ernest Gardner; and even when archaeological work on the island was taken over by the British Museum, BSA Students took part in the excavations and sometimes even directed (Francis B. Welch). The Asia Minor Exploration Fund, established before the BSA, accommodated BSA students from David Hogarth to the work on Roman colonies by G.L. Cheesman.

The BSA was associated with formal excavations at Megalopolis, Phylakopi on Melos, and at Sparta, as well as less ambitious work at Kynosarges. At the same time exploratory work was conducted at Cyzicus, and it had been hoped to open a site in Lycia, at Datcha or Colophon.

The archaeological impact of the BSA went far beyond the Aegean. It covered the Bronze Age but also firmly embraced Roman remains in Anatolia, Byzantine architecture, and even medieval castles in the Levant.

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Asia Minor Exploration Fund

The Asia Minor Exploration Fund was an initiative of the Hellenic Society. It was established during 1882, and by 1883 the Fund had raised £500.

The committee consisted of:

• James Fergusson (1808-86), architectural historian
  
• David Binning Monro (1836-1905), Provost of Oriel College. [Later on the Managing Committee of the BSA]
• Henry Francis Pelham (1846-1907). [Later on the Managing Committee of the BSA]
• George Augustin Macmillan (1855-1936). Honorary Treasurer and Secretary. [Later on the Managing Committee of the BSA]

Fergusson had links with Heinrich Schliemann, and published on Halicarnassus and Ephesus.

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Rain, Rain Go Away!

We were camping in Uruguay and it rained SO hard. I thought the tent was going to get swept away. By the way, we named all of our accessories.

Backpack = Vicky (Queen Victoria)

Chris' Pack = Elvis (the King)

Tent = Selma

Sleeping Pad = Matt (and Chris' is Maxi)

So, Selma was SOAKED! And Vicky and Elvis were getting wet, so we had to bring them into Selma with us...it was a bit cramped. Then Chris had to go out into the rain and dig a trench around Selma so we would not get carried away or wet. Pictures below:

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