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The Annual Meeting of Subscribers: Chair (1886-1918)

Those chairing the Annual Meeting of Subscribers:
  • 1886, October 19 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Professor Charles T. Newton (The Earl of Carnarvon absent)
  • 1887, July 6 ('Society of Athens') [First Annual Meeting]: the Earl of Carnarvon (Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Fourth Earl of Carnarvon)
  • 1888, July 18 (Society of Antiquaries): Lord Herschell (Farrer Herschell, First Baron Herschell, Lord Chancellor)
  • 1889, July 10 (The Society of Arts): the Earl of Carnarvon (Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Fourth Earl of Carnarvon)
  • 1890, July 2 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Francis C. Penrose, former director (Lord Savile [John Savile, first Baron Savile of Rufford] absent)
  • 1891, July 3 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Lord Justice Bowen (Charles Synge Christopher Bowen, Baron Bowen)
  • 1892, July 7 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Lord Bute (John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, third marquess of Bute)
  • 1893, July 19 (Society of Antiquaries): The Archbishop of Canterbury (Edward White Benson)
  • 1894, July 11 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Mr Bryce, MP (James Bryce, President of the Board of Trade, 1894-95)
  • 1895, July 17 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Lord Lingen, KCB (Ralph Robert Wheeler Lingen, Baron Lingen; former Permanent Secretary at the Treasury)
  • 1896, July 13 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): The Rt Hon. John Morley, MP
  • 1897, July 15 (Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Sir Edward Poynter, PRA
  • 1898, October 20 (Society of Antiquaries): The Lord Bishop of London (Mandell Creighton).
  • 1899, October 30 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir William R. Anson, Bart., DCL, Warden of All Souls' College, and MP for Oxford University.
  • 1900, October 30 (Society of Antiquaries): The Rt Hon. Herbert Henry Asquith, QC, MP
  • 1901, October 24 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir Richard Jebb, MP
  • 1902, October 14 (Society of Antiquaries): Dr Thomas Hodgkin
  • 1903, October 23 (Royal Asiatic Society, 22 Albemarle Street): Professor Samuel Henry Butcher
  • 1904, October 27 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir Robert Finlay, KC, MP, the Attorney-General
  • 1905, October 24 (Society of Antiquaries): The Rt Revd George Forrest Browne, DD, Bishop of Bristol
  • 1906, October 30 (Society of Antiquaries): The Earl of Halsbury (Hardinge Stanley Giffard, first earl of Halsbury)
  • 1907, October 29 (Society of Antiquaries): Professor Percy Gardner
  • 1908, October 27 (Society of Antiquaries): Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring, First Earl Cromer)
  • 1909, October 19 (Society of Antiquaries): Professor Gilbert Murray
  • 1910, October 23 (Society of Antiquaries): Sir Cecil Harcourt-Smith, former Director
  • 1911, November 7 (Society of Antiquaries): The Rt Revd the Dean of Westminster (Herbert Edward Ryle)
  • 1912, October 29 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
  • 1913, October 28 (Society of Antiquaries): Mr James Bryce, OM (President of the British Academy)
  • 1914
  • 1915, November 23 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
  • 1916, November 28 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
  • 1917, November 27 (Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee
  • 1918, November 26 Society of Antiquaries): George A. Macmillan, chairman of the Managing Committee

The BSA and Egypt: Naukratis

Ernest Gardner had excavated with Flinders Petrie at Naukratis in the western Delta prior to his admission as a Student to the BSA. In 1898 the BSA's director David Hogarth was alerted to the damage to the site and, with the support of the Society of Dilettanti, conducted further excavations in 1899. Hogarth was assisted by two BSA students: Campbell Cowan Edgar (1870-1938) of Oriel College, Oxford (and a graduate of Glasgow University where he had been taught by Jebb and Murray), and Charles Douglas Edmonds (b. c. 1876) of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Hogarth returned to the site in 1903 for a final season.

Bibliography
Gardner, E. A. 1886. "Excavations at Naukratis." American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts 2: 180-81. [JSTOR]
—. 1888. Naukratis II. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Edgar, C. C. 1898/9a. "Excavations at Naukratis. B. The inscribed and painted pottery." Annual of the British School at Athens 5: 47-65.
—. 1898/9b. "Excavations at Naukratis. C. A relief." Annual of the British School at Athens 5: 65-67.
Gutch, C. 1898/9. "Excavations at Naukratis. D. The terracottas." Annual of the British School at Athens 5: 67-97.
Hogarth, D. G. 1898/9. "Excavations at Naukratis. A. Sites and buildings." Annual of the British School at Athens 5: 26-46.
Hogarth, D. G., H. L. Lorimer, and C. C. Edgar. 1905. "Naukratis, 1903." Journal of Hellenic Studies 25: 105–36. [JSTOR]

Fitness Exercise Without Equipment

Today there are so many impressive looking exercise machines advertised on television, it is as though they are telling us that in order to have a healthy and beautiful body, we need to buy the exercise machines.

But in reality, cultivating a healthy and beautiful body doesn't need you to have a machine. In fact, the foundation of any good exercise program need NOT be more complicated than taking a walk or jog for free.

Expensive exercise machines and health club memberships are fine if you want to have it and you've some extra money to spend, but they are not required for you to improve your health.

Walking and jogging can be the nicest exercise you can do. You will feel refreshed even after a brisk walk with your dog. You don't have to get all kinds of expensive equipments. You can do walking or jogging with a friend. You can do it alone. You can do it as fast or as slow as you want.

According to the studies at University of Richmond, it's found that fitness programs based on walking or jogging and exercises without equipment such as sit-ups, have the same beneficial health benefits as machine-based exercise regimens.

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Understanding Metabolism and Weight Loss

Perhaps you already have a sense of how metabolism relates to weight loss (catabolic metabolism, or breaking cells down and transforming them into energy). To understand this process even more clearly, let's introduce a very important player in the weight loss game: the calorie.

Calories are simply units of measure. They aren’t actually things in and of themselves; they are labels for other things, just like how an inch really isn’t anything, but it measures the distance between two points.

So what do calories measure? Well, they measure energy.

The body itself, despite its vast intelligence (much of which medical science cannot yet understand, only appreciate in awe) does not really do a very intelligent job of distinguishing good energy from bad. Actually, to be blunt, the body doesn’t care about where the energy comes from. Let’s explore this a little more, because it’s very important to the overall understanding of how to boost your metabolism, particularly when we look at food choices.

In our choice-laden grocery stores, with dozens of varieties of foods – hundreds, perhaps – there seems to be a fairly clear awareness of what’s good food, and what’s bad or junk food.

For example, we don’t need a book to remind us that, all else being equal, a plum is a good food, whereas a tub of thick and creamy double-fudge ice cream is a bad food. Not bad tasting, of course; but, really, you won’t find many fit people eating a vat of ice cream a day, for obvious reasons. So what does this have to do with calories and energy?

It’s this: while you and I can evaluate our food choices and say that something (like a plum) is a healthy source of energy, and something else (like a tub of ice cream) is an unhealthy source of energy, the body doesn’t evaluate.

It sounds strange and amazing, but the body really doesn’t care. To the body, energy is energy. It takes whatever it gets, and doesn’t really know that some foods are healthier than others. It’s kind of like a garbage disposal: it takes what you put down it, whether it should go down or not.

So let’s apply this to the body, and to weight gain. When the body receives a calorie – which, as we know, is merely a label for energy – it must do something with that energy.

In other words, putting all other nutrients and minerals aside, if a plum delivers 100 calories to the body, it has to accept those 100 calories. The same goes for 500 calories from a (small) tub of ice cream: those 500 calories have to be dealt with.

Now, the body does two things to that energy: it either metabolizes it via anabolism, or it metabolizes it via catabolism. That is, it will either convert the energy (calories) into cells/tissue, or it will use that energy (calories) to break down cells.

Now the link between calories/energy, metabolism, and weight loss becomes rather clear and direct.

When there is an excess of energy, and the body can’t use this energy to deal with any needs at the time, it will be forced to create cells with that extra energy. It has to. It doesn’t necessarily want to, but after figuring out that the energy can’t be used to do anything (such as help you exercise or digest some food), it has to turn it into cells through anabolism.

And those extra cells? Yup, you guessed it: added weight!

In a nutshell, the whole calorie/metabolism/weight gain thing is really just about excess energy. When there are too many calories in the body – that is, when there’s too much energy from food – then the body transforms those calories into stuff.

And that stuff, most of the time, is fat. Sometimes, of course, those extra calories are transformed into muscle; and this is usually a good thing for those watching their weight or trying to maintain an optimal body fat ratio.

In fact, because muscles require calories to maintain, people with strong muscle tone burn calories without actually doing anything; their metabolism burns it for them.

This is the primary reason why exercising and building lean muscle is part of an overall program to boost your metabolism; because the more lean muscle you have, the more places excess calories can go before they’re turned into fat.

>>> Find out the real REASON why people are fat.

>>> Visit Health Buzz Zone for more health-related articles.

Aden, Yemen

February 26 - 29, 2008
by KT



Yemen may not be on any top 10 lists, and granted I probably wouldn't use my two weeks vacation to go there, but it is one of the most intriguing places we have been.  I found Aden to be beyond anything I could imagine, from the scenery to the people, it is one of the those countries that sparks curiosity.

February 26, 2008

I loved the coastline as we approached the Aden harbour.  Dry desert mountains shot up from the water, with dirty white and sand colored houses built into their sides.  There wasn't a spec of color to be seen.  This may sound drab, but I found it just the opposite, perhaps because it was the way the houses seemed to be a part of the mountains, or the rugged lines of the mountains themselves, or the very uniqueness of such plainness, or maybe it's just because having grown up in Arizona I'm a desert girl at heart.  The one thing about Aden however, is that everything looks better from afar.  From the water you can't see that the buildings are crumbling, old, and dirty, and from the mountains you can't see that the water is a sick unnatural green color.


It was a huge relief to reach Aden.  The last three passages (Thailand-Maldives, Maldives-Oman, and Oman-Yemen) had been tough.  It seemed we have been living in a constant state of wetness, boat repairs, sea sickness, and fatigue.

The first order of business upon arriving (after showering of course) was the check-in.  This was the first country where we had been told we might need some baksheesh.  Baksheesh is a form of tipping, or bribing, depending on how you view it.  While Westerners probably see it more as a bribe, it is commonplace in this part of the world, and I'm sure they think of it more as a tip.  With officials it will usually start with the official asking if you brought him a "present".  Now, you can say no, and sometimes they'll just shrug and life will go on with no problem, but usually if you don't come up with something life suddenly becomes more difficult; paperwork might be lost or delayed, officials might find it's time for their lunch break, and so on.  Since a pack of cigarettes or a few dollars usually satisfies, it doesn't seem worth the hassle to say no.

The harbor is sectioned off from the city by a large wall.  To enter and exit one must present their shore visa at the gate.  Photography around the harbor is also usually frowned upon.  Much of this security was put in place after the US Navy war ship, Cole, was bombed some years back.  (Photo right: the guarded entrance gate)  The minute we stepped ashore a number of people approached offering taxis, tours, diesel, laundry, and other such services.  It was a little overwhelming, but also entertaining.  All the men were friendly, and none were the slight bit put off when we said no (although they didn't really take no for an answer, instead they'd just say, "okay no problem, tomorrow then?").  The check-in turned out to be one of the fastest, and easiest that we have ever been through.  The immigration officer was extremely friendly, although it's a little discerning to turn over your passport to be held in such an unsecured office, especially when the officer informs you to double check your passport photo when you check-out has he may accidentally give you back the wrong passport!!!  (As it turns out, one boat we know was stuck in Aden as another cruiser had indeed sailed off with the wrong passport).  Customs was just as easy, and we got away without having to hand out a gift.

We then set out walking, looking for an ATM and dinner.  We had read in one of the guidebooks that Aden is much poorer then Salalah.  At the time we had wondered what about Aden made the author write that.  It took about 30 seconds out on the street to understand - there was no doubt Aden is a poor city.  Everything is run down, and not just slightly, I'm talking full-on falling apart.  Every car looks as though it's been in a demolition derby, every building looks as though it is minutes from collapsing, and everything is a dingy grey or brown color.  The desert climate doesn't help, as it leaves a layer of dust covering every surface.  What was a real surprise though was not the poorness but the friendliness of the people.  I couldn't believe it when people shouted across the street "Hello! Welcome to Aden".  Horns honked and hands waved as cars drove by.  Everywhere people seemed to smile at us.

It turns out there is no ATM within easy walking distance, but we managed to exchange a few American dollars at one of the small shops.  As many of the stores didn't have signs, and any signs that did exist were in Arabic, finding anything required window shopping.  After a bit of walking around we settled on a place to eat.  Eight of us were given three menus, with pretty poor translation, which made ordering a bit of a fiasco.  All part of the fun of a new country.  We stuffed ourselves until it was painful - Chris and I gorging on the fresh pita bread and homemade hummus (along with our dinner of roasted chicken, kebabs, and salads).  Then we waddled back to the boats for a much looked forward to full nights rest.

And that's when we discovered a whole new side to the Arabs.  The Seaman's Club (which we thought would be patronized by mostly white-foreigner-folk, but turns out draws a huge local crowd), gets going around midnight.  That is it STARTS the loud music and dancing at midnight and continues until about 4am.  I couldn't believe it, and recognized that I was surely getting older as I kept thinking "Who the hell STARTS the party at midnight, and how can they stand the music that loud??".  I swear the speakers must've been aimed at the anchorage, it was so unbelievably loud.  To top it all off, it wasn't even good music.  No offense against Arab music, but I just wasn't digging it. Finally, when I realized it wasn't going to end at any respectful hour, I dug out an ear plug and managed to get some sleep.

February 27, 2008

We spent the morning doing odd projects around the boat (aka fixing stuff) and cleaning up another round of salt and sand.  Late in the afternoon we headed ashore for a trip to the shopping center, where it was reported there was a LuLu's supermarket (ah, the things that excite us).  One of the locals at the gate offered a taxi ride for 1,000 local (about $5.00), however you can hire a taxi/guide for $5.00/hour, and the shopping center was reportedly less than 20 minutes away - so this did not seem like a good deal to us, nor was he willing to negotiate his price.  We headed out looking to find our own taxi.  We finally came across a van and he was willing to take all eight of us for 400 (the first guy would've been 1000 per car which only holds four).  As it is said, half of the adventure is the journey itself.  Our driver had no clue where we were going, nor did he speak English.  He ended up driving us around the town (which was actually quite entertaining) and yelling out his window to various people on the street who would then yell directions back to him!  We did at last find the mall, and didn't even have to pay extra for the extended tour.

Inside the shopping mall is a huge contrast to the rest of Aden; it is clean, sparkling white, and very modern looking (motion sensor escalators and everything).  But there isn't much for content.  A lot of clothing shops, with designs that I'm not even sure I could begin to describe, a food court, and the LuLu's grocery store.

We had four goals: atm, ice cream (Baskin Robbins if you can believe it), internet, and grocery shopping.  Priorities first, we took off looking for the Baskin Robbins.  The mall was some funky design with what seemed like maze of halls; nothing like the simple circle shapes of American malls. In addition it is, of course, all in Arabic.  So it took us all of two minutes before we were lost.  But in our lost-ness we did come across a Kodak shop, where the eight of us proceeded to baffle and entertain the local shop clerk as we all decided to get passport photos taken.  You'd think we would've been clever enough to ask the English speaking women who took our photos where either the Baskin-Robbins or an ATM was, but oh no we just aren't that clever.

We ran into three 40-ish local men.  One approached asking if he could take a photo.  Becky said of course, but the men were looking at me and he said, "with her", pointing at me.  Oh boy I thought. Well, I have no problem with it so I stood by one of the men while another lined up the shot.  I am sure I was blushing bright red as my gang laughed at the scene (Becky and Gordon kept tell me I should ask them for some baksheesh for the photo!).  In these countries I never know how to "behave", normally I'd just throw my arms over the shoulder of whoever is next to me, but in a country where females don't even talk to strange men on the street, let alone touch them, I tend to be a bit conservative, so I just stood shoulder to shoulder, arms at my side, attempting to be as proper as possible.  After the first photo, the man behind the camera asked "one with me?" Sure, why not. When I stood next to him he put his arm around me (nothing rude), so what the heck I thought, and I threw my arm around his shoulder.  The third guy ran in to be in the photo, so up went my other arm (oh boy I thought, for sure they think I'm a big 'ol slut now).  Well, the first guy (who was now taking the photo) seemed to realize he was missing out, so he asked for one more photo, where he too put his arm around me.  They were very friendly, but it was still a strange experience.  I wish I could pop into their minds for just a moment - how do they see this white girl whose showing her hair, face, and wrists, willing to take a photo with strange men while her husband watches???

It took a few more minutes of aimlessly walking around to find the ATMs.  With eight of us together we were quite a site for the locals and the men standing nearby couldn't help but wander over to check out what all these white-folk were doing.  Of course the last thing you want when punching in your super secret ATM code is a bunch of people looking over your shoulder!  We were double lucky in finding the ATMs, as right across from them was the Baskin Robbins.  We practically ran over to it, and must've looked downright pathetic when we discovered it was closed.  As if in denial we just stared into the window ...  eight white tourist hovering around the Baskin Robbin store window practically crying with disappointment.  Either because we looked so desperate, or maybe it appeared as though we would bust through the store window at any moment, one of the mall security guards came over and told us that he believed it would be open in a minute, that the worker had just gone to the bathroom.  Ahh were we ever relieved.

Having wised up since our last encounter with an English speaking local, I asked the man if there was an internet cafe in the mall.  Not only was there one, but he offered to escort us there.  Turns out our new friend was from Egypt and had only lived in Yemen for the last three years.  He seemed pleased enough to learn we were from America and Canada.  The internet cafe looked hi-tech enough, but was dog-slow, making even a simple email check painful.  Conveniently it was paired up with a cafe-restaurant, so after interneting we enjoyed chicken shwarmas (similar to a greek gyro), and then found our way back to the Baskin Robbins.

By the time we got around to the grocery shopping it was early evening; the time when the locals come out in full force.  The mall was a sea of black flowing cloth as women in full burkas mingled around.  It was a photographers dream, only not, because photographs in this part of the world aren't usually granted or appreciated (seems odd given the four men encountered earlier).  It was apparent that many of the women don't make it to this mall very often (if ever before), as the escalators seemed to make most of them nervous, and even caused one to fall.  Kids treated the escalators like an e-ticket Disney ride, while the older men seemed to hang on to the hand rail as if their life depended on it.  Huge people pile ups occurred at the entrance and exit points of the escalators, as the locals hesitantly attempted to get on or off.

I had always imagined the burka as a shapeless, drab, black, boring "dress".  What I found is that while it is pretty shapeless, there is quite a bit of style to it.  Intricate designs can be found on the wrists, and sometimes bottom hems.  Some of them have patterns around the hoods or down the front.  They are a almost silky material, that seems to flow rather than hang.  The women around Aden do not all wear a full face cover, many only cover their hair.  On the extreme end some women wear a full veil (even covering eyes), with full stockings (covering their feet) and mittens covering their hands.  The men are dressed smartly, whether in more western gear (slacks and long sleeve button shirts), or wearing more traditional sulus or robes.  And it did appear that more than one man was shopping with multiple wives (which Chris commented must be a nightmare, as he believes it's hard enough shopping with just me!!!)

Becky wanted to take a photograph in the grocery store, not necessarily of any one person, just of the crazy mass of people that were crowding the aisles (it was literally packed cart to cart).  When she pulled out her camera a security guard approached and told her absolutely no photos were allowed! They must keep top secrets hidden amongst the tomato sauce.

It is a nightmare shopping when it's that crowded, and I couldn't wait to be done.  We found another van cab, this time costing us 1000 for all eight, but it included a movie!  The driver put on the Disney Aladdin at top volume and away we went.  Turns out he didn't know where we were going either, so after getting a bit lost, doing a u-turn on some desolate dark road, and asking for directions from an eight year old, we made it back.  It was another midnight disco music night, but at least time we were prepared and had both gone to bed with ear plugs in!

February 28, 2008

In just about every small country nothing works the same way twice.  We had been told that getting diesel "inside" (meaning in the town versus outside at the dockside fuel station) was cheaper, but that inside wouldn't fill jerry cans unless you had permission from customs, which you couldn't get without paying a fee, which in turn made the price nearly the same as getting the fuel outside.  Just for grins Chris went to ask at the gate if he could bring jerry cans through.  He was told to go to customs.  The customs official walked him to the gate, spoke some Arabic while pointing at Chris, and just like that we were allowed to bring through jerry cans.  So the two of us made two trips through, without any hassle (except carrying the heavy cans), paying about a quarter of the cost.  It was easy as pie, but there is not doubt that on a different day, with a different guard or a different official we could've easily been in paperwork hell attempting to do the exact same thing.  At the gas station we talked to a few of the workers and for at the least the fourth time since Oman I was told (in response to saying we were from America) "We like Americans, just not Bush".  I only hope they are happier with our next selection, otherwise life could become more difficult for American tourist in this area.

After a morning of fueling up, we were off for some exploring.  It's not hard to find a guide and car, as they are hanging out around the gate waiting for business.  After a bit of negotiating we had ourselves a guide, and he was calling for a second car.  I don't know how either car actually managed to run, both seemed dented behind belief and laden with rust, neither installed a sense of safety, but in Aden terms they weren't too shabby.  Chris sat in the front with the guide and tried to put on his seat belt, our guy told him not to worry about it, that only the driver was required to wear a seatbelt.  Meanwhile I'm thinking, it's not the law that's worrisome, but rather that big shatter in the windshield right in front of Chris, about where someone's head might've hit when a crazy driver braked too hard!

Our first stop was the ancient water tanks.  An amazing water holding system built into the side of a few hills.  No accurate information exists about the original construction of the tanks, but the work is amazing and must've taken some bit of effort.  The tanks were discovered in 1854, covered by debris and rubbish.  They were dry when we visited, but can hold 20 million imperial gallons (our guide said that they still fill with some water during the wet season).  We met a few friendly local men, dressed in traditional Yemen clothing (robes and sulus), some even wearing a Jambiya (a curved dagger worn in a special belt).  I ended up getting my photo taken again, but in return they posed in a few good shots for us.

Next up was a ancient mosque (it seems everything in Aden is ancient), where for a small donation we got to see inside the tomb of Al Aidroos (I think you need to be a Muslim in Aden to know of him) ...  I didn't look, and everyone else said it was too dark to see anything anyway.

After the mosque we drove along the waterfront, with a quick stop at the fish market.  Then we hiked up to see the remains of an ancient castle.  Along the hike we came across a lot of local men, all who smiled and said a friendly "hello" or "welcome to Aden".  Up at the castle, groups of men sat about in circles chewing on Qat (pronounced "gat" or "cat").  Qat comes from a small evergreen bush, the leaves are chewed to produce a mild stimulant effect.  Supposedly it leads to a peaceful disposition and heightened sexual prowess.  Chris got one guy to laugh by enthusiastically chewing on one leaf when offered (he spit it out later, before any effect took place).  When they chew Qat they continuously shove leaf after leaf into their mouth, chewing and sucking, and storing the leaves in the side of the cheek.  It doesn't take long before their cheeks bulge as though they were chewing on a baseball.

The views from the castle were amazing, from here Aden didn't look so poor or dingy.  But the castle itself was strewn with trash and covered in graffiti (included the ever tactful "F...  Bush").

We continued driving along the coastline, past salt fields and a huge flock of flamingoes.  We made a quick stop at one of the beaches, were a lot of local women sat in full burkas, socializing in the sea breeze.  A huge line of men sat against the curving beach wall, all chewing Qat.  Our guide tended to make fun of the men who indulged in Qat.  He also joked about the burkas, calling the women Ninjas.  He said he too was married to a Ninja, so we figured he didn't use the word in disrespect (of course one never knows).  Since he was so open we felt we could ask more direct questions about the culture, and he was very friendly in trying to satisfy our curiosity, but I feel as though I still don't really understand a thing.  However we did learn that a man can have a maximum of four wives (our guide felt one was enough), and that if a man did have four it meant he was quite wealthy.  He said the advantage of multiple wives was that when you had only one, they might argue and be opinionated, but once a second or third wife came into the picture, the women became more submissive, as the husband would threaten to spend more time and money with the other wife.  Well, it's a unique way of thinking!

Our final stop of the day was Arab town.  This had to be one of the craziest, most crowded, extremely interesting, sensory overloading, and sadly, poorest places we've visited.  We started with a look at sesame oil processing.  From the grinding and shaking of the seeds, to the old machines that turned, grinding the seeds into oil, while the men scooped out the oil.  Down the street we visited with henna tattooed camels.  Yes, you read that correctly, the camels themselves were dyed in funny dot patterns. Chris attempted to get himself beaten-up by taking a photograph of the street ...  the women across the road thought he was taking their photo and began yelling and pointing, causing the men to send evil stares ...  luckily we were leaving that area, and quickly retreated!

Our guide walked us through the Qat market.  I can't even come close to explaining it.  Imagine shoulder to shoulder men, standing, yelling, sitting, bargaining ...  a sea of bodies and noise beyond comprehension.  A lot of people used gas lanterns, which heated up the place to a nice boiling temperature.  One thing I've noticed about Arab men is that when they yell or negotiate it can appear as though they are fighting - up until they finish the enthusiastic conversation and smile.  When you are trying to push your way through this mass of yelling it can feel intimidating.  And since it is entirely men, as a woman, I felt a bit out of place.  But what I never once felt was threatened or worried.  Eight white people walking through caused everyone to stare, but they all smiled and many said hello.

We stopped at a small juice shop for fresh lime juice that was outstanding.  Sweet, tart, and fresh. Sitting away from the masses also gave us a chance to get a breath and relax.  From there we walked through the garment shops, full of amazingly bright colors and gaudy dresses.  After a tying demonstration we bought Chris a head wrap.  I attempted to tie it around his head, but one passer-by just laughed, so I asked him to do it.  He got to work on Chris, laughing the entire time, with a huge ball of Qat bulging out the side of his cheek.  Chris wore his new head gear for the remainder of the day, which was a huge hit around the market.

As dusk came Arab town came to life.  I had already thought it was bustling and crowded, but it now seemed as though the entire population was wandering the streets!  We bought some fresh chapati (flat bread) at one of the stalls, which immediately brought along some beggars.  It is nearly impossible to turn away someone asking for a bite of bread, and so Chris handed some out, which of course just brought out more beggars.  We eventually had to walk away as it was too much to handle, but we did try to give everyone a little piece.  One the men was so pleased with Chris that he continued to follow us through the market.  When we stopped to buy vegetables Chris watched as the beggar stole a few carrots when the vendor was turned away busy handling a customer.  It is beyond heartbreaking to see people so desperate and so hungry.  (Photo left by Ascension)

Another hour was about all we could handle.  Then the crowds, the yelling, the haggling, the staring, all just became too much - we were ready for the peace and quiet of our boat!  After such a busy day even the midnight disco music couldn't wake us!

February 29, 2008

We finally had a little bit of a down day.  A few chores around the boat, some interneting, and a tiny bit of relaxing.  We could use a few more down days, but the southerlies are blowing, and our friends are anxious to get going.

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Passage Blurbs: Salalah, Oman to Aden, Yemen

Aden, Oman: 25 feet Mud in Busy Port

Trip Summary - 617 nM, 122 hours, Ave 5 knots
Nautical Miles to Date - 25,502


Aden Yemen Yacht Anchorage

Night 5 - Feb 25, 2008

549 nM down - 63 nM to go Almost there, Nice Sailing, Lots of BIG Ships coming through the convoy

It was good sailing during the day. The wind picked up as the day carried on, and by night the seas had a pretty good swell going. The wind was directly behind us, so we had to run wing-on-wing. The difficult thing was that we were trying to keep our speed up in order to not cause everyone an extra night out, so we had our full main up, which meant we could absolutely not afford to accidentally jibe. Simon (the auto pilot) was having trouble steering down the big seas without going off course, so we had to continuously adjust and monitor things, practically hand steering, to ensure we did not jibe.


Sunset Last Night

Night 4 - Feb 24, 2008

427 nM down - 185 nM to go Passed through Pirate Alley with no problems, motor sailing to keep speed up

We hit the "pirate alley" around sunset and decided to run with anchor lights. Originally we had planned on no lights, but it was too difficult with the close proximity of the boats. All our anchor lights were pretty dim, so we figured it was good enough.

We got through the area without a single worry. We were almost to Aden and ready to be done with the convoy.

Night 3 - Feb 23, 2008

312 nM down - 300 nM to go Much Nicer day, sailing + motoring, Dust Clearing

Things were much, much better. The wind would occasionally pick up, but nothing like the day before. A brown haze still hung in the area -- we couldn't even spot a huge tanker that was barely 4 miles away! And dust still filled ever nook and cranny both on boat and person. I had trouble relaxing as every time a little burst of wind would come through I'd find myself bracing, waiting for the storm that was sure to follow...


Convoy sailing (photo by Stardust)

Night 2 - Feb 22, 2008

192 nM down - 420 nM to go 30-35 knots breaking Seas, a very Wet day. Still have reduced visibility due to desert winds

With the rising sun came a horrendous sand & wind storm. I can honestly say that these were the worst seas poor Billabong (and crew) have ever been through. They were big, steep, and extremely close together. A lot of them literally broke across Billabong. There was so much sand in the area that within minutes everything was turning dingy brown, and visibility was so low we couldn't make out any of the other boats...

Night 1 - Feb 21, 2008

62 nM down - 550 nM to go Crappy first day left in a Sand Storm very little visibility and lots of wind

The morning of our departure was a bit of a debacle. First the wind picked up enough to cause a few boats to drag and they had to re-anchor.   Then one of the tug boats came through asking about 10 of us to move as a ship was coming in that needed to dock behind us. In Oman you have to check out within a couple of hours of your departure, no 24 hour leeway, therefore we hadn't yet cleared out which meant we didn't have the option of just leaving, we had to re-anchor - not the easiest task with the higher winds, too-small of anchorage, and poor holding ground. We managed, and Chris was finally able to go ashore to check-out while I kept an eye on Billabong...

Passage Journal: Salalah, Oman to Aden, Yemen

February 21 - 26, 2008
by KT

Trip Summary:  617 nM, 122 hours, Average 5 knots



Salalah (Oman) to Aden (Yemen) is the area of highest reported concentration of piracy attacks on yachts.  It is really the only area in the world where Chris and I have traveled that we actually looked to the news for information (in other places we have found news to be extremely focused towards violence and unsettlement).   "Pirate attacks" might sound daunting, but the reality is that not even 1% of the yachts who travel through this area are hit.   As I told our family, there was a higher chance of us dying in a motor scooter accident in Phuket than being hit by pirates.   In addition no incidents had yet been reported for our year.   We therefore were not worried about pirates, but still felt there was no need to tempt fate and did everything "by the book".

One thing that is recommended is to travel with a convoy.   Originally I had mixed thoughts about a convoy.   If I was a pirate, armed with MK-whatevers, and saw four or five small, slow yachts traveling together, it wouldn't stop me from approaching.   And if, upon approach, none of those yachts produced a weapon and started firing at me, well than I would be enjoying one-stop-shopping, four for the price of one!  What I found ironic however is that, by all accounts that I have read, traveling in a convoy does in fact deter the pirates; I've read where pirates (weapon bearing men) would scatter off when the other boats circled back.   It doesn't make sense to me, but there it was in written proof, so Chris and I decided a convoy was the way to go.   We hooked up with three other boats for the run to Aden.

We did take the time to hide all the goods (leaving various bits of money, and broken or old electronics out).   We also checked-in with the coalition armed forces, who now provide some patrolling, follow your route via daily check-ins, and offer to try to assist in the case of a pirate attack.  We opted against any types of weapons; all accounts we had read seemed to show that only those with weapons were ever harmed, those without were merely robbed.   And we decided to run about 40 nautical miles offshore.

February 21, 2008

The morning of our departure was a bit of a debacle.   First the wind picked up enough to cause a few boats to drag and they had to re-anchor.   Then one of the tug boats came through asking about 10 of us to move as a ship was coming in that needed to dock behind us.   In Oman you have to check out within a couple of hours of your departure, no 24 hour leeway, therefore we hadn't yet cleared out which meant we didn't have the option of just leaving, we had to re-anchor - not the easiest task with the higher winds, too-small of anchorage, and poor holding ground.  We managed, and Chris was finally able to go ashore to check-out while I kept an eye on Billabong.

A little before 11am we were ready to go, when one of the boats in our convoy called to say they had an engine problem and would need about an hour to fix it.  I figured I might as well get lunch ready so that I wouldn't have to do it "at sea".  Just as I was toasting bread for sandwiches (about 30 minutes after the delay call) they called to say they were ready.  I quickly pulled the bread off the pan and we lifted anchor.  Moments after we got the anchor up, another boat in our convoy called with windlass (the electronic piece of gear that hauls up the anchor & chain) problems -- another delay. We didn't bother re-anchoring, but rather just did slow loops around the anchorage.  About 20 minutes later they were ready to go, and finally all four of us were off.

We had to motor against 20-25+ knots out of the channel and out through the breakwater before we could finally turn, putting the winds behind us and making things a lot more comfortable.  After we got settled sailing Chris asked what was up with the sandwiches on the counter.  "Oh," I said "that's our lunch".  I went down to grab them and noticed that it was awfully warm in the galley.  That's when I discovered I had left the burner on this entire time ...  more than two hours!!!

Our convoy goal was to stay within .5 to 1 nautical mile of each other.  Our first night out we failed miserably.  At first it didn't seem too bad, especially motoring, but as the night wore on and the winds came and went we couldn't seem to keep together.  I believe our biggest problem was that the fast boat was in front, so the only way they knew they were going too fast was by constantly checking radar or by us calling them.  At one point we were over 2.5 miles behind.  It wasn't too big of a deal, the real pirate alley was still a few nights away, but we thought it was not a good sign that we were already failing at this convoy thing!

February 22, 2008

With the rising sun came a horrendous sand & wind storm.  I can honestly say that these were the worst seas poor Billabong (and crew) have ever been through.  They were big, steep, and extremely close together.  A lot of them literally broke across Billabong.  There was so much sand in the area that within minutes everything was turning dingy brown, and visibility was so low we couldn't make out any of the other boats.

The convoy quickly fell apart (I mean if we couldn't stay together in mild conditions how could we in this crap???).  Stardust couldn't point, so we changed course to try and stay closer to them.  Djarrka couldn't seem to slow down enough, and Ascension couldn't pound through the waves, so they were pointing off and reefing.  We reefed to get as comfortable a ride as possible and tried to head off enough to not have the waves break on us.  Chris donned on foul weather gear and took station in the cockpit, while I sat on the floor next to the navigation station, periodically throwing up.  We tried as much as possible to keep the group together, but it was nearly impossible.  The upside is that there was no way any pirate would be out in that crap anyway, so we didn't have to worry about them!

Of course during this entire time Chris and I were both stressed about the forward compartment. He'd done a temporary fix to try and keep water from getting under the hatch (the best he could do with the supplies we had access to), and of course put in a new bilge pump.  This time he wired the bilge pump such that an alarm and red light would go off inside the boat if it was triggered.  In addition he put a switch inside the boat (forward) that allowed us to manually switch on the bilge pump without going on deck.  With waves breaking over Billabong the force of the water on deck was tremendous, and we just didn't know how the hatch would hold.  Then "beeeeeeeep" went the high pitched alarm, which meant that the bilge pump was going off.  Okay, it's good that the pump was working, but not so good that there was water.  What would we do if we ruined the borrowed water maker???  And God forbid, what if water got under the bed again? Every time a really huge wave would break over Billabong I would go forward and manually run the pump, just in case.  The trick was to hopefully get out any water, but not to run it so much that we burnt out the bilge pump. Once, I was forward running the switch when Chris yelled down "HOLD ON!".  I braced myself and looked back towards to the cockpit to make sure I could see Chris.  What I saw was a huge flood of water flowing from the roof of our cabin onto the cushions, table, and floor.  Everything was soaked. Enough water had hit the dorade vents with enough force that it had forced its way through the vents and into the cabin - well that was a new one for us.  I did a quick clean up (just what I could manage given the conditions), and then Chris threw on his harness and struggled forward to cap the vents.  He also tried to take a peek at the forward hatch but it was just too rough.  I couldn't stand watching him on deck with the huge waves lumbering towards us, even with his harness on.  I was quite relieved when he was safely back in the cockpit.

It took about eight hours before things settled enough that we could try and get the convoy back together.  The seas were still big though which made radar useless (for spotting each other), and the visibility was still pretty low.  Somehow, magically, by dinner time the seas had calmed, and the convoy was back within visual sight of each other!!!

We changed our convoy "formation", such that the slow boat (that's Billabong) was leading, and therefore setting the speed, which seemed to help us keep together a bit.

February 23, 2008

Things were much, much better.  The wind would occasionally pick up, but nothing like the day before.  A brown haze still hung in the area -- we couldn't even spot a huge tanker that was barely 4 miles away! And dust still filled ever nook and cranny both on boat and person.  I had trouble relaxing as every time a little burst of wind would come through I'd find myself bracing, waiting for the storm that was sure to follow.

And finally good news, Chris was able to check the forward compartment and there was no water! Hooray!!! Apparently what was causing the bilge pump to go off was the tiny bit of water left in the compartment from when Chris was testing the new bilge pump.  With the dramatic motion caused by the waves, this little bit of water would go racing under the bilge pump, lifting the lever and causing the alarm to go off.  The water maker was safe, the temporary hatch fix still working, and the bilge pump still going.  Phew!

February 24, 2008

We hit the "pirate alley" around sunset and decided to run with anchor lights.  Originally we had planned on no lights, but it was too difficult with the close proximity of the boats.  All our anchor lights were pretty dim, so we figured it was good enough.

We got through the area without a single worry.  We were almost to Aden and ready to be done with the convoy.

February 25, 2008

It was good sailing during the day.  The wind picked up as the day carried on, and by night the seas had a pretty good swell going.  The wind was directly behind us, so we had to run wing-on-wing. The difficult thing was that we were trying to keep our speed up in order to not cause everyone an extra night out, so we had our full main up, which meant we could absolutely not afford to accidentally jibe.  Simon (the auto pilot) was having trouble steering down the big seas without going off course, so we had to continuously adjust and monitor things, practically hand steering, to ensure we did not jibe.

This was also the busiest shipping night I've ever been through.  Ship after ship came through our path and we'd have to shift starboard then port.  It was exhausting, and with the difficulties keeping Simon on course it was frustrating.  Our AIS (Automated Information System - which reports pertinent information for the large ships) was invaluable that night.

Finally around 4am we told everyone that we had to reef (and slow down), it was just getting too dangerous.  Things were so much better for Simon after the main was reefed, and now we no longer had to stress about an accidental jibe bringing down our rigging.  At this point the slower speed didn't matter because we were close enough to Aden to know we were going to make it without an extra night out.

February 26, 2008

To finally arrive in Aden felt like a huge burden off our backs.  Not only had we gotten through some ugly seas, but we were finally through the worst pirate area and could be around people without talking about and analyzing it.  But mostly it was the end of the convoy that made us happy.  I watch these birds zoom inches from the water, in tight formation.  The lead bird angles left and like synchronized swimmers the other birds effortlessly follow.  It looks so easy ...  I can't help wonder why our convoy was such a nightmare, why couldn't we be more like those birds? And it wasn't just Billabong who felt this.  At dinner on the night of arrival we all talked about how frustrating it was and how annoyed we'd get with each other (luckily we all had good humor about it afterwards and are still all friends).  Here's where we figure the SNAFU began:

Steering.  All four boats used a different method of auto navigation.  Wind vanes, Auto Nav to a waypoint with no crosstrack error, auto pilot based on heading, and so on.  Every method of auto navigation has some degree of error (more accurately, you will go off course a certain number of degrees on either side before the auto navigation corrects it, so your overall course is correct but a sailboat never travels in a perfectly straight line).  Normally, alone, you don't care about this back and forth, or getting slightly off course ...  you just periodically correct things so that you stay mostly on target, but if trying to stay within a certain range of three other boats you don't have the luxury of error and this becomes a very tiresome task!

Speed.  It sucks to be the slow boat (which Billabong was).  Of course, I'm sure if you talk to the other boats they'll say it sucked to be the fast boat - always having to slow down.  Prior to departing we had told everyone our motoring speed sucked and we were lucky to do 5 knots (and were doing even less because we needed new bottom paint).  We told them even sailing we rarely get over 6/6.5 unless the wind is really piping (in which case the seas bump up and we don't want to be going over 6.5 anyway).  We told them that if we had to use our pole then it meant reefing our jib because our pole was too short, so we couldn't get as much speed as a normal boat our size.  They were all okay with that.  But once out there we felt like a hindrance, everyone kept saying it was no problem, but then they'd also start asking "do you have ALL your sail out", "what RPMs are you running at", how much more speed would you get if you weren't reefed", and so on.  It seemed that some also felt the need to announce things like "well I just can't put up any less sail", or "I'm reefing AGAIN", and "I guess I have to go to even lower RPMs" ...  every comment just made Chris and I cringe.

Course.  Before departing we agreed that one person (Chris) would put together a route and then it would be passed around so that we all had the same waypoints.  About two hours into the trip we realized that we weren't all steering the same heading, which we should've been given we were all trying to go to the same point.  Turns out one of the boats had changed, just so slightly, the waypoints in the process of entering them into their auto navigation! Well, obviously that wasn't going to work.  Also some boats treated the route and waypoints as though they were the one and only way to get to Aden, like a highway that had to be followed.  If someone suggested a different heading to make the sail easier (either more comfortable angle to the waves, or better wing angle for the sails), someone else would come back with something like, "but that's not the course to the waypoint", and then a ten minute discussion would follow.  It's not like it mattered, the waypoint was a reference, as long as we all shifted our heading together it wouldn't make a difference! Argh!

In the end it just comes to down to the fact that we all have different sailing styles, different ways of navigating, and different speeds we are happy with, and we couldn't seem to get the four boats to gel.  Between sand storms, occasional high winds, shipping traffic, and multiple nights at sea, we were all sleep deprived and slightly irritable.  The good news is that we all easily got over our frustrations once in port.  We did joke at one point that the pirates didn't bother us because they overhead all our bickering on the VHF and just figured we'd be too much of a handful!!!

Toos-day

bfast: water & Curves cereal

snack1: string cheese

snack2: 2 prunes

lunch:

snack:

dinner:

AVRUPA'NIN BÖLÜNMESİ

İmparator Alexius ve Antiokya (Antakya) Kuşatması
1097, Bizans İmparatorluğu

Avrupa'da hem politik, hem de dinsel olarak bir güç bölünmesi yaşanıyordu. Dokuz yüz yıllık tarihinde Roma İmparatorluğu'nun doğusu ve batısı arasındaki fark çok belirgindi ve ayrılması doğaldı. O zamanlar Batı'da Bizans İmparatorluğu pek önemli görülmüyordu. Asillerin ve baştakilerin günlük yaşamları ise merak ediliyordu.

İznik Konsülünün aldığı kararlar bile Hıristiyanların çıkarlarından daha az önemliydi. Hükümetler bölünmüş olsa bile Büyük Roma İmparatorluğu'ndaki yerlerini hatırlıyorlardı. Bu öyle güçlü bir imajdı ki, bin yıl sonra bile Avusturya monarşisi kıskançlığını sürdürecekti. Yunanca konuşan ve kendilerine Rhomaio, imparatorluklarına Romania diyen vatandaşlar da vardı. Avrupa'yı bölen din değildi, Konstantinopol'de tahta çıkan imparator Alexius'du.

İslam orduları Suriye'yi ve Balkanların çoğunu fethettiğinde Bizans'ın vergi geliri de hayli düştü. Sonuç olarak imparator gelirlerini artırmanın yollarını aradı. Birçok çabasından biri de Roma'daki Papa'yı yardıma çağırmak oldu. Uydurulan bahane de kutsal toprakları özgürleştirmekti.

Papa'nın ise bir sorunu vardı. Pek çok işsiz asker etrafta başı boş dolanıyordu. Alexius'dan yardım isteyen bir mektup alınca, Tanrı'nın iki soruna birden bir çözüm gönderdiğine inandı. Papa Urban kutsal toprakları kurtarmak için yapılacak bir haçlı seferi için çağrıda bulunmaya başladı. İşsiz ve sabırsız askerler, topraktan yeterince kazanamayan çiftçiler ve onur kazanmak isteyen soylular ya da evlerinde sıkılanlar söz verilen cennet mekanlarını kazanmak için orduya katıldı.

Alexius birkaç bin adam beklerken binlerce şövalye ve askerin çağrısına yanıt verip Konstantinopol'e gelmekte olduğunu öğrendi. Bu kadar çok insanı kendi şehrinde barındıramazdı Alexius. Ayrıca gelenlerin, ülkesinden arta kalanı elinden alma ihtimali de yüksekti. Gelenlerin çoğunun burnu büyük, şiddet düşkünü ve aynı zamanda cahil olması da durumu zorlaştırıyordu. Zaten bir yüzyıl sonra bu korkulan da gerçekleşecekti. Konstantinopol Osmanlı Türklerine geçtiğinde nüfus yüzde altmış azalmış olacaktı.

Bizans İmparatoru bir çözüm buldu. Haçlı ordusu ulaştığında askerler ona bağlılık yemini etmeden kimseyi içeri almayacağını açıkladı. Bu aynı zamanda fethettikleri toprakların da ona ait olması anlamına geliyordu. Bu, iyi güzeldi de, bağlılık ilan edilen lordun da sorumlulukları vardır. En önemlisi de yardım ve koruma sağlamalıydı. Batı krallıklarında bu çoğu zaman yakalanan bir şövalye için gerekli fidyeyi ödeyip onu kurtarmak anlamına gelirdi. Bu, bütün şövalyelerin hatta düşmanların bile birbirini tanıdığı küçük Batı krallıklarında uygulanan bir yöntemdi. Ama Alexius, güçten düşmüş olsa da büyük bir imparatorluğun başındaydı. Büyük bir ihtimalle o zamanlarda Konstantinopol'de Paris'tekinden çok insan yaşıyordu.

Alexius yeni "kullarım" apar topar savaşa gönderdi ve birkaç ay içinde bu ordu bir Selçuklu Türk birliğini yendi, Antiokia'yı'u (Antakya) kuşattı. Kuşatma uzun sürdü, bu da Selçuklulara yeni bir ordu kurmak için zaman kazandırdı. Haçlılar Alexius'un zamanında gönderdiği erzak sayesinde kuşatmayı başarıyla sonuçlandırdı. Ama birkaç ay sonra bu kez Selçuklu ordusu Antioch'u kuşattı. Ancak Selçuklular surları aşamadı ama bir süre sonra yeni bir ordu daha oluşturdular.

Batı'da beklendiği gibi Haçlılar bağlılık yemini ettikleri lordun gelip kendilerini kurtarmasını beklediler. Alexius'un ise sadece bir ordusu vardı. Hem Konstantinopol'ü korumak, hem de işgale karşı savaşmak gibi iki işlevi vardı ordunun. Alexius'un kullarına yardım etmesi gereken bir tanrı gibi mi, yoksa ülkesini koruması gereken bir imparator gibi mi davranacağına karar vermesi gerekiyordu. Antioch'a ilerlerse hızlı ve kayıpsız bir zafer kazanması gerekirdi, çünkü ordusu zarar görürse Konstantinopol'ü savunacak kimse kalmayacaktı. Oraya kadar gidip de başaramazsa geri dönüşü, telafisi yoktu. Türkler koruma sözü verdiği milyonlarca insana ulaşacaktı.

Karar Romalı stratejisine uyuyordu. Ordusu bir garanti olarak duracaktı ve haçlıları kendi imkanlarıyla bırakacaktı. Onların sadece lordu olmuştu ve imparatorluğu daha önce gelirdi. Haçlılar bunu bir ihanet olarak gördü ve çok sinirlendi. Ama öfke önemsiz bir tepkiydi. Bir ay sonra büyük bir sürpriz yaparak, haçlı ordusu Antioch'dan kaçmayı başardı. Bu kaçışın ardından moral bulan askerler başka şehirleri ele geçirdiler. Alexius'a verdikleri bağlılık sözünden Alexius'un ihaneti dolayısıyla kurtulmuşlardı. Artık kendi krallarının emirlerine uymaya karar verdiler. Bu haçlılar artık kahraman olmuştu. Batı Avrupa'ya döndüler ve Alexius'un onursuzluğundan ve iki yüzlülüğünden bahsettiler.

Alexius'un korumayı seçtiği şehir sakinlerinden biri olsaydınız doğru kararı verdiğini düşünürdünüz. Haçlılar zaten güçsüzleştiği ve onlardan umut kesildiği için askeri açıdan da doğru karar buydu. Ancak Batı dünyasının soylularını yardıma ihtiyaçları olduğunda yalnız bırakmakla iki Avrupa'yı birbirinden ayırdı ve bu ayrım hala devam ediyor.

Zaten çabaları da başkenti kurtarmak için yeterli olmadı. Alexius'un aldığı bu karar yüzünden Bizans'ın düşmanları olduğu fikriyle büyüyen bir sonraki nesil, Konstantinopol'ü Hıristiyan dünyasının bir parçası olarak görmedi. Şehir 1453'te de Türklerin eline geçti.

(ALINTIDIR.)