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TARİHTEN İLGİNÇ GERÇEKLER : Kral Henry,Papa ve Anglikan Kilisesi

KRAL HENRY VE KİLİSE
Papa VIII. Henry'yi Bağışlamayı Reddeder
1533, Roma ve İngiltere

Papanın bağışlamaları, Tanrının kanunlarına karşı gelen insanları affetmenin bir yoludur ve sık sık gerçekleşmemesi gerekir.

Ancak Katolik Kilisesi standartlarını çok yüksek tutamamıştı. O çağda papaların metresleri, gayri meşru çocukları oluyordu. Bu şartlar altında bağışlanma kağıtları Vatikan hazinesine yapılan bağışlarla kolaylıkla elde edilebiliyordu.

1503 yılında İspanyol Ferdinand kız kardeşi Katherine'in 11 yaşındaki İngiltere Prensi Henry ile evlenmesi için Papa II. Julius'dan izin istedi. Bir bağışlama gerekiyordu çünkü Katherine zaten Henry'nin ağabeyiyle evliydi ancak kocası ölmüştü. Papa ise Hıristiyanlığın bir adamın kardeşinin karısıyla evlenmesini yasakladığını ve bu tür birleşmelerin Tanrının onlara çocuk vermemesiyle lanetleneceğini açıkladı.

Ama Papaya müttefiklik sözü verilip büyük bir çeyiz sunulunca -bu çeyiz doğrudan Papanın sandıklarına gitmişti- Papa bağışlamayı kabul etmişti. İngiltere'nin gelecekteki kralı Henry Tudor iki yıl sonra kendinden beş buçuk yaş büyük Aragon'lu Katherine ile evlendi.

İspanya, İngiltere ve Roma bu evliliği pek ciddiye almadı ve elde ettikleri maddi kazanımlarla ilgilendi. Düğün ise planlanandan dört yıl sonra 11 Haziran 1509'da gerçekleşti. Henry düğünden iki ay önce İngiltere kralı olarak taç giydi. Genç çift için her şey toz pembe görünüyordu.

Henry iyi bir kraldı. Bir sanatçı, sporcu ve bilgili bir adamdı. İhtiraslı, yaşama sevinciyle dolu, kendinden önce gelen krallar kadar iyiydi. Katherine ise tutkulu bir şekilde onu yaptıklarında destekliyordu. Öyle ki, verimlilik simgesi olan narı kendi sembolü olarak kullanıyordu. 1518'e kadar altı kez hamile kalmış ve üç kız, üç erkek doğurmuştu. Ne yazık ki, bunlardan sadece bir kız hayatta kalmıştı. Bu kızın adı Mary idi.

Arkasından gelen bir oğlunun olmaması Henry'nin hoşuna gitmemişti. Ayrıca kendinden beş yaş büyük olan, hem de altı doğumdan sonra iyice yaşlı görünmeye başlayan bir kadınla evli olmak da onu sıkıyordu. Çirkinleşmiş ve kendini iyice dine vermişti Katherine. Genç ve tutkulu Henry'nin yüzünü bir arayış içinde genç kadınlara dönmesi kaçınılmazdı, başka bir seçeneği yoktu. Çünkü halkına bir prens borçluydu.

Henry'nin ilgisi sarayda Anne Boleyn adıyla bilinen bir genç kadına yönelmişti. Henry bu kadını "bir meleğin ruhuna sahip, tahta yakışan bir genç hanım" olarak tanımlıyordu. Ama Anne hırslı bir kadındı ve kralın metreslerinden biri olmaya hiç niyeti yoktu. Anne kraliçe olmak istiyordu, Henry de taht için erkek varisler. Bu kusursuz bir eşleşmeydi. Ancak bir sorun vardı, Henry hala Katherine ile evliydi ve Katherine'in Henry'yi bırakmaya hiç niyeti yoktu.

Sorun değil, diye düşündü Kral.

Kralın danışmanlarından biri olan Kardinal Wolsey hernen yeni papa Clement'e bir başvuru yaptı. Henry'nin Katherine ile olan evliliği geçersiz sayılmalıydı, çünkü ilk bağışlama hatalıydı! Bu "hata"nın düzeltilmesi Katherine'in kızı Mary'nin de tahtın varisi olmadığı anlamına gelecekti. Çünkü geçersiz bir evlilikten doğan bir çocuk muamelesi görecekti.

Katherine'in ajanları ve ailesi çoktan Vatikan'la bağlantı kurup kralın bu bağışlamayı sadece kişisel zevkleri için, ona layık olmayan bir kadınla beraber olmak için istediğini açıklamıştı. Wolsey ise olaya, tahta bir erkek varisin gerekliliği, Anne Boleyn'in erdemleri ve Katherine'in hastalığı yüzünden krala karşı olan karılık görevlerini yerine getiremediğinden bahsederek yaklaşmıştı.

Konuşmalar, anlaşmalar uzadı ve tüm Avrupa'yı politika, maliye ve sosyal çatışmalar açısından karıştıracak hale geldi. Bunlarda Anne'in reformcu inançlarının da etkisi büyüktü. Anne ile ilgili haberler İspanyol elçileri tarafından hemen Roma'ya uçuruldu. Katherine'in kraliçe olarak kalması onlar için gerekliydi.

Bir süre sonra Henry'nin sabrı taştı. Roma, İngiltere ile olduğu kadar İspanya ile de arasını iyi tutmaya çalışıyordu. Esas sorun Clement'in kendinden önceki bir papanın aldığı kararı bozmak istememesiydi.

Anne'in acele ettirmesiyle ve taht için gerekli bir erkek varis beklentisinin verdiği tutkuyla sonunda Roma ile giriştiği tüm görüşmeleri kesti ve yeni bir kilise kurdu. Anglikan Kilisesi. Hemen kendisini kilisenin başı ilan etti, Anne ile evlendi ve ilk evliliğini geçersiz ilan etti.

Henry aforoz edildi ancak bu çok umurunda değildi çünkü artık kendi kilisesi vardı ve istediğini yaptırabilirdi.

Anglikan kilisesinin ömrü Anne Boleyn ile yaptığı evliliğin ömründen daha uzun sürdü. Anne 19 Mayıs 1536'da idam edildi ve böylece Henry serbest kaldı. Henry ile aşağı yukarı üç buçuk yıl evli kalmışlardı. Ardında sadece bir kız evlat bıraktı. Erkek varis doğuramamıştı. Papanın aforoz etmeden birkaç yıl önce "İnancın Savunucusu" unvanını verdiği Henry'nin Anne Boleyn'le evlenme fikri tarihin büyük fiyaskolarından biri oldu.

(Alıntıdır)

Cambridge and Craven Students

The Craven Trust supported BSA students in three ways:
  1. The Craven University Studentship.
  2. The Craven Studentship
  3. The Craven Fund
Craven University Student
  • 1886/87 (Cambridge and Craven University Student): Ernest Arthur Gardner (1862-1939). Gonville & Caius. First Cambridge student.
  • 1894/95 (Craven University Student): Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935). Trinity. Part 2, 1st (1894). Admitted 1892/93.
Craven Student
The studentship was created in 1885,
for the purpose of facilitating advanced study or research away form Cambridge in the languages, literature, history, archaeology, or art of ancient Greece or Rome, or the comparative philology of the Indo-European languages.
The regulations stated:
The studentship shall be of the annual value of £200 and shall be tenable for one year, one student being elected annually at such time as the University may from time to time determine, but a Craven student shall not be eligible for re-election on more than two occasions.
  • 1887-90: Ernest Arthur Gardner (1862-1939). Gonville & Caius. Director: 1887-1895. Previously Craven University Student (1886/87).
  • 1891/92, 1892/93: William Loring (1865-1915). King's. Part 2, 1st (1889). Admitted 1889/90 (Cambridge Studentship).
  • 1893/94: Edward Frederic Benson (1867-1940). King's. Part 2, 1st (1891). Admitted 1891/92; 1892/93 (Cambridge Studentship).
  • 1895/96, 1896/97: Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935). Trinity. Part 2, 1st (1894). Admitted 1892/93. Previously Craven University Student (1894/95).
  • 1898/99, 1899/1900: John Cuthbert Lawson (1874-1935). Pembroke. Part 2, 1st (1897).
  • 1901/02: John Hubert Marshall (1876-1958). King's. Part 2, 1st (1900). Admitted 1898/99; 1900/01 (Prendergast Greek Studentship).
  • 1903/04: Alan John Bayard Wace (1879-1957). Pembroke. Part 2, 1st (1902). Admitted 1902/03 (Prendergast Greek Studentship).
Craven Fund
The regulations stated,
The annual sum of £40 shall be paid to the managers for the time being of a fund to be called the Craven Fund, by whom grants may be made from time to time for the furtherance of research in the languages, literature, history, archaeology, and art of ancient Greece and Rome, and the comparative philology of the Indo-European languages.
  • 1887/88: Montague Rhodes James (1862-1936). King's. Part 2, 1st (1885). £40, 'for the purpose of archaeological work on Cyprus'.
  • 1891/92: Francis Brayne Baker (1868-not known). Christ's. £40, ‘for archaeological study in connexion with the British School at Athens’ (1891).'
  • 1896/97 (Craven Fund): Frank Russell Earp (1871-1955). King's. Part 2, 1st (1894). £40.
  • 1898/99: Clement Gutch (1875-1908). King's. Part 2, Greek and Roman Archaeology, 1st (1898). £40, ‘to carry out the exploration of certain necropoleis in the Greek Cyclades’.
  • 1901/02: Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935). Trinity. As Director, £90, ‘to be used for the expenses in excavations at Cyzicus’.
  • 1905/06: Henry Julius Wetenhall Tillyard (1881-1968). Gonville & Caius. Part 2, 1st (1904).
  • 1903/04: Richard Macgillivray Dawkins (1871-1955). Emmanuel. Part 2, 1st (1902). £50.
  • 1912/13: Max Ludwig Wolfram Laistner (1890-1959). Jesus College. Part 2, 1st (1912). £40.

BSA and King's College

Students
  • Montague Rhodes James (1862-1936). Eton. Scholar (1882); Bell Scholar (1883); Part 1, 1st (1884); Craven Scholar (1884); Part 2, 1st (1885). BSA 1887/88.
  • William Loring (1865-1915). Eton. Bell Scholar (1886); Part 1, 1st (1887); Battie Scholar (1888); Part 2, 1st (1889). BSA 1889/90 (Cambridge Studentship), 1890/91 (Craven University Student), 1891/92, 1892/93; Secretary 1897-1903.
  • Edward Frederic Benson (1867-1940). Marlborough. Exhibitioner (1888); Part 1, 1st (1890); Scholar (1890); Part 2, 1st (1891). BSA 1891/92 (Worts Fund), 1892/93 (Cambridge Studentship), 1893/94 (Craven Student), 1894/95 (Prendergast Greek Student).
  • Arthur George Bather (1868-1928). Rossall. Scholar; Part 1, 1st (1889); Part 2, 1st (1891). BSA 1889/90, 1891/92 (Cambridge Studentship), 1892/93 (Prendergast Greek Studentship), 1893/94 (Cambridge Studentship).
  • Robert John Grote Mayor (1869-1947). Eton. Bell Scholar (1889); Craven Scholar (1891); Part 2, 1st (1892). BSA 1892/93.
  • Vincent Wodehouse Yorke (1869-1957). Eton. Part 1, 1st (1891); Scholar (1891); Part 2, 1st (1892). BSA 1892/93, 1893/94; Hon. Treasurer 1906-55.
  • Frank Russell Earp (1871-1955). Uppingham. Exhibitioner (1892); Part 1, 1st (1893); Scholar (1893); Part 2, 1st (1894). BSA 1896/97.
  • Clement Gutch (1875-1908). Harrow. Part 1, 1st (1897); Scholar (1897); Part 2, Greek and Roman Archaeology, 1st (1898). BSA 1898/99 (Cambridge Studentship).
  • John Hubert Marshall (1876-1958). Dulwich. Scholar; Part 1, 1st (1898); Scholar (1898); Part 2, 1st (1900). BSA 1898/99, 1900/01 (Prendergast Greek Studentship), 1901/02 (Craven Student).
  • Frederick William Hasluck (1878-1920). Leys. Part 1, 1st (1899); Scholar (1899); Part 2, 1st (1901). BSA 1901/02 (Cambridge Studentship), 1902/03, 1904/05, 1905/06; Assistant Director and Librarian 1906-15.
Fellows
  • Montague Rhodes James (1862-1936). Fellow (1887-1905); Dean and Tutor; Provost (1905-18); Vice-Chancellor (1913-14).
  • William Loring (1865-1915). Fellow (1891-97).
  • Arthur George Bather (1868-1928). Fellow (1894); Assistant Master at Winchester (1894-1928).
  • Robert John Grote Mayor (1869-1947). Fellow (1894).
  • Vincent Wodehouse Yorke (1869-1957). Fellow (1895).
  • Frank Russell Earp (1871-1955). Fellow (1897).
  • Frederick William Hasluck (1878-1920). Fellow (1904).
  • Sir John Hubert Marshall (1876-1958). Hon. Fellow (1927).

BSA and Museum Catalogues

John L. Myres held to prepare a Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum (1899) that presented some of the work of the Cyprus Exploration Fund directed by Ernest Gardner. He subsequently researched the catalogue of the Cesnola Collection in New York.

As part of Bosanquet's work in Laconia, M.N. Tod and A.J.B. Wace prepared A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906). This led to invitation for the BSA to be involved with the production of a catalogue for the Acropolis Museum. One of the key researchers was Guy Dickins (who was killed during the First World War): Stanley Casson had to prepare the second volume for publication in 1921. Dorothy Lamb worked on the terracottas.

References
Ohnefalsch-Richter, M. H., and J. L. Myres. 1899. A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum: with a Chronicle of Excavations Undertaken since the British Occupation, and Introductory Notes on Cypriote Archaeology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Tod, M. N., and A. J. B. Wace. 1906. A Catalogue of the Sparta Museum. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Myres, J. L. 1914. Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Dickins, G. 1912. Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Casson, S. (ed.) 1921. Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

BSA Students and Museums

BSA Students had learned skills of working on museum collections in Greece, and the BSA was responsible for the publications of catalogues of the Sparta and the Akropolis Museums. Cecil Harcourt-Smith had been seconded from the British Museum to serve as Director of the BSA. Surprisingly only two of the students seem to have worked at the British Museum, and neither in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. John P. Droop was an assistant to Aurel Stein (1909-11), whereas E.S.G. Robinson joined the Department of Coins and Medals as an assistant in 1912 just after his time in Athens. The department was then under the Keepership of George Hill who had been working on the catalogue of Greek coins. Robinson in effect took over from the work of Warwick Wroth who had died in 1911. Robinson continued to work in the Department, apart from an interlude of war service, until his retirement in 1952; he was promoted to Keeper in 1949.

Several students found work in the University museums at Oxford and Cambridge. M. Rhodes James was the assistant director of the Fitzwilliam Museum (1886-93) while he was admitted to work with Ernest Gardner on the Cyprus Exploration Fund. The Fitzwilliam helped to sponsor the excavations and as a result acquired a number of finds including sculpture. He served under John H. Middleton (1889-92), and succeeded him as Director (1893-1908). Grose joined the museum in 1914 working on a catalogue of the Greek collection.

In Oxford David G. Hogarth succeed Arthur Evans as Keeper at the Ashmolean Museum in November 1908. During this period he developed the collections of Cretan and Hittite antiquities. During the First World War he served in Cairo, returning to Oxford in June 1919. After the war he continued to work on the Hittites, but failing health restricted his activities and he died in 1927. J.G. Milne was appointed Deputy Keeper of Coins, Ashmolean Museum (1931-51), a post formerly held (until 1928) by Humfry Payne. Milne was also a reader in numismatics (1930-38) and librarian of Corpus Christi College (1933-46).

Other former students of the BSA were involved with national collections. Adolph Paul Oppé worked at the Victoria and Albert Museum for two periods (1906-07, 1910-13), and Alan J.B. Wace became Deputy Keeper (1924-34) after his time as Director at the School came to an end. Wace’s expertise with textiles from the Aegean and Anatolia was used to great effect. Solomon C. Kaines Smith was appointed the first official lecturer at the National Gallery in London (1914-16): the position was disrupted by the First World War. After a short career lecturing in Cambridge, he became director of the City Art Gallery in Leeds (1924-27), followed by keeper of the City Museum and Art Gallery, Birmingham (1927-41).

Two students held museum positions outside British. C.C. Edgar, a former inspector of antiquities in Egypt, was appointed assistant keeper at the Cairo Museum in 1920, and Keeper in 1923. In North America C.H. Hawes was appointed Associate Director of the Museum in Fine Arts in Boston.

BSA Managing Committee (1886-1918)

The original committee consisted of the following 'five members ... appointed by the general body of subscribers':
There were also:
Subsequently the Managing Committee consisted of the following elements:

Appointed by the University of Oxford:
  • David Binning Monro (1836-1905), Provost of Oriel College. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05)
  • Professor Percy Gardner (1846-1937). (1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1916/17, 1917/18)
Appointed by the University of Cambridge (from 1896):
  • Professor (Sir) William Ridgeway (1858-1926). (1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04).
  • Professor (Sir) John Edwin Sandys (1844-1922). (1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
Appointed by the Hellenic Society:
  • (Sir) Sidney Colvin (1845-1927). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06).
  • Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928). (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
Appointed by the subscribers (former Directors):
  • Francis Cranmer Penrose (1817-1903). Director: 1886/87. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02).
  • Ernest Arthur Gardner (1862-1939). Student: 1886/87; Director: 1887-1895. (1897/98, replacing Bent; 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
  • (Sir) Cecil Harcourt Smith (1859-1944). Director: 1895-97. (1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
  • David George Hogarth (1862-1927). Student: 1886/87; Director: 1897-1900. (1896/97, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
  • Professor Robert Carr Bosanquet (1871-1935). Student: 1892/93, 1894-97; Assistant Director: 1899/1900; Director: 1900-06. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
  • Richard Macgillivray Dawkins (1871-1955). Student: 1902-05; Director: 1906-14. (1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18).
Appointed by the subscribers (excluding former Directors):
  • Professor (Sir) Thomas Clifford Allbutt (1836-1925), MD, FRS. (1895/96)
  • James Theodore Bent (1852-97). (1896/97)
  • (Sir) Reginald Theodore Blomfield (1856-1942). (1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06)
  • John Percival Droop (1882-1963). Student: 1905-09, 1910/11, 1912-14. (1916/17, 1917/18)
  • Sir Francis Elliot, KCMG. (1917/18)
  • (Sir) Arthur John Evans (1851-1941). (1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
  • Theodore Fyfe (1875-1945). Student: 1899/1900. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14)
  • Percy Gardner (1846-1937). (1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05)
  • Walter Sykes George (1881-1962). Student: 1906/07, 1908-10, 1912/13. (1914/15)
  • Jane Ellen Harrison (1850-1928). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06)
  • Francis John Haverfield (1860-1919). (1900/01, 1901/02)
  • Caroline Amy Hutton (c. 1861-1931). Student: 1896/97. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12)
  • Harry Herbert Jewell (1882-1974). Student: 1909/10. (1915/16)
  • William Loring (1865-1915). Student: 1889-93. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1905/06, 1909/10)
  • George Augustin Macmillan (1855-1936). London secretary of the BSA 1886-98. (1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900)
  • Robert John Grote Mayor (1869-1947). Student: 1892/93. (1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12)
  • Professor (Sir) John Linton Myres (1869-1954). Student: 1892-95. (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
  • Professor Henry Francis Pelham (1846-1907). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04)
  • Professor James Smith Reid (1846-1926). (1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10)
  • (Sir) John Edwin Sandys (1844-1922). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900)
  • Marcus Niebuhr Tod (1878-1974). Student: 1901/02; Assistant Director: 1902-04. (1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
  • Alan John Bayard Wace (1879-1957). Student: 1902-11; Director: 1914-23. (1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14)
  • Professor (Sir) Charles Waldstein (Walston) (1856-1927). (1895/96, 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99, 1899/1900, 1900/01, 1901/02, 1903/04, 1904/05, 1905/06, 1909/10, 1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
  • Leonard Whibley (1863-1941). (1910/11, 1911/12, 1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
  • Vincent Yorke. (1904/05)
  • (Sir) Alfred Eckhard Zimmern (1879-1957). (1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16, 1916/17, 1917/18)
Ex officio joint editor of the Annual:
  • Caroline Amy Hutton (c. 1861-1931). (1912/13, 1913/14, 1914/15, 1915/16)
Rules and Regulations (1895/96):
VI. A corporate body subscribing not less than £50 a year, for a term of years, shall, during that term, have the right to nominate a member of the Managing Committee.
XIII. The Managing Committee shall consist of the following:-
(1) The Trustees of the School.
(2) The Treasurer and Secretary of the School.
(3) Nine Members elected by the Subscribers at the annual meetings. Of these, three shall retire in each year, at first by lot, afterwards by rotation. Members retiring are eligible for re-election.
(4) The members nominated by corporate bodies under Article VI.
Amendment (by 1903/04):
(3) Twelve Members elected by the Subscribers at the annual meetings. Of these, four shall retire in each year, at first by lot, afterwards by rotation. Members retiring are eligible for re-election.

This is a working page and will be updated.

BSA Students and London University

Ernest Gardner resigned as the BSA director to because the Yates professor of Archaeology at University College (1896). He later served as public orator for the University of London (1910-32).

Three other former BSA students were appointed to positions in London. Frank Earp (BSA 1896/97) was appointed lecturer in Classics at East London College (1905-30). He was subsequently professor of Classics and fellow of Queen Mary College (1930-36). John K. Fotheringham (BSA 1898/99) was appointed lecturer in Classical Literature at King's College in 1904, lecturer in Ancient History in 1909 and promoted to reader in 1912. Max Cary (BSA 1903/04) moved from Birmingham in 1908 to be reader in Ancient History attached to University College and Bedford College; he was subsequently professor of Ancient History (1937-46).

After the First World War several former BSA students held positions in London. Two were at King’s College. Max Laistner (BSA 1912-14), who had lectured at Birmingham and Belfast, moved from Manchester to be Reader in Ancient History (1921-25). Edwyn R. Bevan (BSA 1893/94) was lecturer in Hellenistic History and Literature (1922-33). In 1928 William R. Halliday (BSA 1910/11, 1912/13), resigned as professor of Ancient History at Liverpool, to become Principal of King’s College (1928-33); he was also Deputy Vice-Chancellor, London University (1932).

BSA Students and Manchester University

The first BSA student in Manchester was J.H. Hopkinson who moved from Birmingham in 1904 to become lecturer in classical archaeology at Victoria University (1904-14). He was also the warden of Hulme Hall, one of the halls of residence built in 1907. Hopkinson had strong links with Manchester as his father Professor (Sir) Alfred Hopkinson had been principal of Owens College (from 1898), and then a vice-chancellor of the newly formed Victoria University (1900-1913). The department was strengthened in 1906 by the appointment of Alexander C.B. Brown as assistant lecturer in classics (1906-08). He had just completed a year at the BSA.

In 1908 Ronald Montagu Burrows (1867-1920), who had excavated in Greece with Percy N. Ure at Rhitsona, was appointed Hulme Professor of Greek. He resigned in 1913 to become principal of King’s College, London, and was replaced by William M. Calder (1881-1960) who had been admitted as a student at the BSA (1907/08) and had subsequently studied in Berlin and Paris. Calder, who had studied with William Ramsay at Aberdeen before moving to Christ Church, Oxford (see 'Scotland and the BSA'), was involved with Ramsay’s epigraphic surveys in Asia Minor. He also held the position of lecturer in Christian epigraphy at Manchester. In 1930 he moved to Edinburgh as professor of Greek. T. Eric Peet also moved to Manchester in 1913 as lecturer in Egyptology (1913-23). J.H. Hopkinson resigned in 1914 and was ordained deacon in the Church of England serving a first curacy in Colne (1914).

After the First World War the department was joined by Max Laistner as assistant lecturer in Classics (July 1919-21). He had been at the BSA (1912-14) and then lectured at Birmingham (1914) and Belfast (1915) before war service in the Middlesex Regiment and the Ministry of Labour.

BSA Students and Liverpool University

The University College of Liverpool was founded in 1881, and received its university charter in 1903. John Garstang (1876-1956), who had studied under Francis J. Haverfield in Oxford and excavated in Egypt with Flinders Petrie, was appointed honorary reader in Egyptology at Liverpool in 1902. Garstang then worked towards the foundation of the Institute of Archaeology (1904). Robert C. Bosanquet, director of the BSA, was appointed professor of classical archaeology in 1906.

The Greek archaeology interests of the department were strengthened in 1907 with the appointment of John L. Myres as Gladstone professor of Greek and lecturer in Ancient Geography, though his stay was short as he returned to Oxford in 1910. He was replaced by Arnold W. Gomme who held the position of assistant lecturer in Classics (1910-11). He had a strong interest in topography, filling a gap left by Myres, but he moved to Glasgow after a year. Gomme in turn was replaced by Henry A. Ormerod, who served as assistant lecturer in Greek (1911-23). During this time he started his work on piracy in the ancient world. Arthur M. Woodward was appointed assistant lecturer in 1911 after serving as Assistant Director in Athens (1909/10). However after a year he moved to Leeds as Reader, no doubt reflecting his expertise in the field of epigraphy. A further BSA student, William R. Halliday, joined the university in 1914 as the Rathbone professor of Ancient History (1914-28).

James George Frazer (BSA 1889/90) was appointed professor of Social Anthropology in 1908.

Bosanquet left Liverpool in 1920 to make way for men returning from the First World War. He was succeeded by another BSA student, John P. Droop. who held the Charles W. Jones Professor of Classical Archaeology (1921-48). Droop had excavated with Bosanquet in Greece, and also in Egypt at Abydos. A further former BSA student was T. Eric Peet who arrived as the Brunner professor of Egyptology (1920-33). There was further change in 1923 when Ormerod left Liverpool to become professor of Classics at Leeds. He returned to Liverpool in 1928 as the Rathbone professor of Ancient History (1928-51) when Halliday left.

BSA Students and Birmingham University

Classics had been taught at Mason College, Birmingham from at least 1882 when Edward A. Sonnenschein (1851-1929) was appointed professor of Greek and Latin in 1882. Mason University College was created by Act of Parliament in 1897, and soon gained full university status. By late 1898 it was proposed that the classics staff should consist of:
Greek, one professor; Latin, one professor; Greek and Latin, one lecturer.
One of the first assistant lecturers at Mason University College was Frederick A.C. Morrison who had just completed his time as a student in Greece (1896/97). He died in July 1899, and was replaced by another BSA student, John W. Crowfoot, as classical lecturer (1899-1900). Crowfoot had been a contemporary of Morrison in Greece and had stayed for an additional year. He left in 1900 to become Assistant Master, Tewfikian School, Ministry of Education, Cairo (1901-03).

As the University became established, Sonnenschein was appointed the first Dean of the Faculty of Arts and revised the curriculum for classics. The department was joined in 1901 by John Henry Hopkinson as lecturer in Greek (1901-04). He had just completed two years in Athens, one as Craven University Fellow. His father, Professor Alfred Hopkinson, was at the time vice-chancellor of Victoria University in Manchester (and had previously been principal of Owens College). Hopkinson left in 1904 to become a lecturer in classical archaeology at Manchester, and he was replaced as lecturer in Greek in 1905 by Max O.B. Caspari (Max Cary) who had been at the BSA (1903/04) and had then taken a diploma in education at Liverpool (1905). Cary left for a Readership in Ancient History in London in 1908. A further former BSA student to join the department was Max Ludwig Wolfram Laistner as assistant lecturer in classics (1914). He left to fill the post in Belfast left vacant by the death of K.T. Frost, another former BSA student, on the Western Front.

Henry J.W. Tillyard, another BSA student, was appointed to the chair of Russian (1921-26).