BSA Students and Archaeological Work in the Mediterranean Before the First World War

In the period up to the outbreak of the First World War BSA students were involved in archaeological work ranging from Sicily to Syria, from Tripolitania and Egypt to Macedonia (and beyond). Their focus was well beyond mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, and Crete.

Is there a major difference between official BSA archaeological projects and other work supported by students? For example, the excavations of the Cyprus Exploration Fund were directed by Ernest Gardner; and even when archaeological work on the island was taken over by the British Museum, BSA Students took part in the excavations and sometimes even directed (Francis B. Welch). The Asia Minor Exploration Fund, established before the BSA, accommodated BSA students from David Hogarth to the work on Roman colonies by G.L. Cheesman.

The BSA was associated with formal excavations at Megalopolis, Phylakopi on Melos, and at Sparta, as well as less ambitious work at Kynosarges. At the same time exploratory work was conducted at Cyzicus, and it had been hoped to open a site in Lycia, at Datcha or Colophon.

The archaeological impact of the BSA went far beyond the Aegean. It covered the Bronze Age but also firmly embraced Roman remains in Anatolia, Byzantine architecture, and even medieval castles in the Levant.

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Asia Minor Exploration Fund

The Asia Minor Exploration Fund was an initiative of the Hellenic Society. It was established during 1882, and by 1883 the Fund had raised £500.

The committee consisted of:

• James Fergusson (1808-86), architectural historian
  
• David Binning Monro (1836-1905), Provost of Oriel College. [Later on the Managing Committee of the BSA]
• Henry Francis Pelham (1846-1907). [Later on the Managing Committee of the BSA]
• George Augustin Macmillan (1855-1936). Honorary Treasurer and Secretary. [Later on the Managing Committee of the BSA]

Fergusson had links with Heinrich Schliemann, and published on Halicarnassus and Ephesus.

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Rain, Rain Go Away!

We were camping in Uruguay and it rained SO hard. I thought the tent was going to get swept away. By the way, we named all of our accessories.

Backpack = Vicky (Queen Victoria)

Chris' Pack = Elvis (the King)

Tent = Selma

Sleeping Pad = Matt (and Chris' is Maxi)

So, Selma was SOAKED! And Vicky and Elvis were getting wet, so we had to bring them into Selma with us...it was a bit cramped. Then Chris had to go out into the rain and dig a trench around Selma so we would not get carried away or wet. Pictures below:

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Cyprus Exploration Fund: Equipment at Kouklia

Work at the temple of Aphrodite at Old Paphos (Kouklia) started on 1 February 1888. Hogarth (in Gardner et al. 1888: 159) recorded immediate delays:

We had been unable to bring more than the few picks, spades, and baskets which had been in use at Leontari, the Nicosia blacksmiths being incapable of turning out our further order very quickly, and accordingly batches of tools kept arriving about once a week, and our full stock was not on the spot until March 9th. This will explain why we began upon the temple with a small staff only, and why we were compelled to restrict ourselves to trenching for nearly three weeks—in the absence of wheelbarrows or baskets the earth could not be removed.

Bibliography
Gardner, E. A., D. G. Hogarth, M. R. James, and R. Elsey Smith. 1888. "Excavations in Cyprus, 1887-8. Paphos, Leontari, Amargetti." Journal of Hellenic Studies 9: 147-271. [JSTOR]

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Khor Shinab

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Khor Shinab, Sudan
25 Feet Great Holding - In the Middle of the Desert with A 20 Knot Blast Furnace Blowing Over Us. The spec in the photo is Billabong. Awesome Hiking with Amazing views and 1000's of Fossils

Overlooking the Anchorage

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Enroute

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Enroute to Khor Shinab, two pilot whales played like dolphins off our bow

Two Pilot Whales playing

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Cyprus Exploration Fund

The Cyprus Exploration Fund (CEF) was formed in the summer of 1887. The circular explained:

It has long been felt by students that systematic archæological researches ought to be undertaken in Cyprus and it has often been made a subject of reproach against this country that no such researches have been attempted since the island came under English government. Private and casual excavations at various sites have already yielded results of the greatest importance for the study both of Greek art itself and of the foreign influences which surrounded its cradle. Such excavations have lately been prohibited by authority, but not until their fruits had convinced those interested in the subject that regular and scientifically-conducted researches should, if possible, be set on foot under official sanction without delay.

The CEF committee consisted of:

• Sidney Colvin (1845-1927), keeper of prints and drawings in the British Museum (chairman)
• George Augustin Macmillan (1855-1936) (hon. secretary)
• Dr Walter Leaf (1852-1927) (hon. treasurer)
• Edward A. Bond (1815-98), principal librarian of the British Museum
• John Evans (1823-1908), treasurer of the Royal Society and President of the Society of Antiquaries
• Arthur John Evans (1851-1941), keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
• Professor Percy Gardner (1846-1937), Oxford
• Rt. Hon. Sir William H. Gregory (1816-92)
  
• Edward I'Anson (1811-88), president of the RIBA
• Henry Jackson (1839-1921), Trinity College, Cambridge
• Professor Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1841-1905), University of Glasgow
• Rt. Hon Sir Austen Henry Layard (1817-94)
  
• Sir Frederic Leighton (1830-96), president of the Royal Academy
• Rt. Rev. Joseph Barber Lightfoot (1828-89), Lord Bishop of Durham; President of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
• Lord Lilford (1833-96)
  
• Professor John Henry Middleton (1846-96), Slade Professor of Fine Art, University of Cambridge
  
• Alfred Morrison (1821-97)
  
• Alexander Stuart Murray (1841-1904), keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum
• Henry Francis Pelham (1846-1907), University of Oxford
• Sir Frederick Pollock (1845-1937, Secretary of the Dilettanti Society
• John Edwin Sandys (1844-1922), University of Cambridge
  
• Rt. Hon. Sir John Savile (1818-96), Ambassador at Rome
• Rev. Archibald Henry Sayce (1845-1933), Deputy Professor Comparative Philology, University of Oxford
• Rev. Henry Fanshawe Tozer (1829-1916), Exeter College, Oxford
  
• Edward Maunde Thompson (1840-1929), keeper of manuscripts in the British Museum
• Charles Waldstein (1856-1927), Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
  

The CEF was supported by the BSA, the Hellenic Society, the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge - each gave £150 to the Fund - as well as private subscribers.

The initial permit was given to excavate at the temple of Aphrodite at Paphos. The second season included work at Poli and Limniti, and the third at Salamis. The balance of the Fund was given to the BSA to support work on Cyprus; J.L. Myres was awarded a grant for excavations on the island in 1894.

Finds from the excavations were shared between:

• The British Museum
• The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
• The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
• Eton
• Harrow
• Winchester
• Rugby
• Charterhouse
• Westminster
• Marlborough
• Clifton

Excavation Reports
Gardner, E. A., D. G. Hogarth, M. R. James, and R. Elsey Smith. 1888. "Excavations in Cyprus, 1887-8. Paphos, Leontari, Amargetti." Journal of Hellenic Studies 9: 147-271. [JSTOR]
Munro, J. A. R., and H. A. Tubbs. 1890. "Excavations in Cyprus, 1889. Second season's work. Polis tes Chrysochou. Limniti." Journal of Hellenic Studies 11: 1-99. [JSTOR]
Munro, J. A. R., H. A. Tubbs, and W. W. Wroth. 1891. "Excavations in Cyprus, 1890. Third season's work. Salamis." Journal of Hellenic Studies 12: 59-198. [JSTOR]
Munro, J. A. R. 1891. "Excavations in Cyprus. Third season's work - Polis tes Chrysochou." Journal of Hellenic Studies 12: 298-333. [JSTOR]
Myres, J. L. 1897. "Excavations in Cyprus in 1894." Journal of Hellenic Studies 17: 134-73. [JSTOR]
Ohnefalsch-Richter, M. H., and J. L. Myres. 1899. A catalogue of the Cyprus museum: with a chronicle of excavations undertaken since the British occupation, and introductory notes on Cypriote archaeology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Accounts of travels
Hogarth, D. G. 1889. Devia Cypria: notes of an archaeological journey in Cyprus in 1888. London: Henry Frowde.
Smith, R. Elsey. 1890. "Report of a tour in Greece and Cyprus." Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

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Top Ways To Get In Shape

When it gets down to getting in shape there are paths to go down and paths to avoid...

If you need to lose weight fast and want to know the top ways to get in shape then you have hard work ahead. There is no easy path and no golden pill that magically loses you fat. EVERY SINGLE METHOD to lose weight will involve the evolution of your diet and the integration of workouts into your routine.

There are some things that you can do however that will make the process as speedy as possible.

1. Turbo charge Your Metabolism

The right type of high intensity exercise will do exactly this in 20 minutes per day. An ramped up metabolism means your body uses far more calories every minute than if you lead a non active life. This element is the most important in answering the question of how to get in shape.

2. Cleanse and detoxify your body of waste.

All people on western style diets who does not do this regularly are carrying around pounds and pounds of waste in their colons. A cleansing detoxification will purge this waste. There are techniques you can use to do this.

3. Nutrition

Learn what food makes your body perform and lose weight - therefore getting you in great shape. There are certain foods you can eat that will supercharge your metabolism and strip weight off you quickly.

4. Visualize

This sounds a little cheesy, but it really works and will help you stay on track with your goal. Mentally imagine yourself to be the size or shape that you want. If you are having a hard day, practice this exercise and it will help you maintain focus. If you have a bad day, don't beat yourself up over it! Start again fresh the next day and you'll be better prepared to deal with any cravings you may get again down the line.

Good luck to all!

If You Liked These Basic Tips Then You Can Find Out A Lot More Here.

The author is an ultra-trail runner and personal trainer in the central California area. He is the father of 2 boys and is training to run a 100 mile race during 2009. You can check out my blog here.

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Jazarit Margarsam

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Reef N of Jazarit Margarsam, Sudan
30 Feet In patch between Coral
Good Snorkling and water clarity

Mid mast view of the Reef

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Marsa Inkeifal

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Marsa Inkeifal, Sudan, Africa
20 Feet Good Holding in Small Marsa with Mountains near the Coast

Mountains meet the Red Sea

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