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Legendary composer Frédéric Chopin wrote a “flood” of homoerotic love letters that were “deliberately erased from history”
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| Portrait of Frederic Chopin by Zelazowa Wola, 1849 |
Gay love letters written by Polish composer Frédéric Chopin were deliberately mistranslated by historians to conceal his sexuality, a music journalist has claimed.
By Lily Wakefield
PinkNews — November 28, 2020
According to The Guardian, Swiss music journalist Moritz Weber had been researching letters written by Chopin during lockdown earlier this year when he discovered a "flood of declarations of love aimed at men".
His findings were explored in the two-hour radio show Chopin's Men, aired on the arts channel of Swiss broadcaster SRF, and Weber insisted that some of the composer's writing must have been intentionally mistranslated.
In one letter, Chopin said that rumours about his love affairs were a "cloak for hidden feelings", and his writing also hints at an interest in "cottaging", or looking for sex in public toilets.
In one letter to a male school friend, he wrote: "You don't like being kissed. Please allow me to do so today. You have to pay for the dirty dream I had about you last night".
There are 22 letters on record from Chopin to the same friend, Tytus Woyciechowski, and he often began them with "my dearest life", and signed off: "Give me a kiss, dearest lover".
But the English-Canadian biographer Alan Walker insisted in his 2018 book Fryderyk Chopin: A Life and Times that the homoerotic love letters penned by Chopin were the result of "psychological confusion", and added that Woyciechowski was a "bosom friend".
Chopin gay love letter was edited to suggest it was about a woman.
In an 1829 letter to Woyciechowski, Chopin wrote: "My ideal, whom I faithfully serve, [...] about whom I dream".
However a translation of the letters published by the Fryderyk Chopin Institute in Warsaw, Poland, described his "ideal" as a woman, despite the original letter using the masculine version of the Polish noun.
A spokesperson from the institute spoke on the radio show, and admitted that there was no actual proof that Chopin had had relationships with women, only rumours and accounts from family members.
The translator of the 1829 letter told The Guardian: "He was a romantic who definitely didn't discriminate between men and women in his expressions of ‘love’. But to say that there is some sort of conspiracy behind ‘missing’ letters in the various critical editions is absurd. The institute is indeed a politically conservative organisation, but I didn't find any bowdlerisation in the Polish edition, nor any ‘correction’ of my notes to passages where Chopin's sexuality was concerned".
Whether or not the editing of Chopin's love life was intentional, Weber said he hopes that shining a light on his sexuality will help people better understand his music.
In a letter Woyciechowski, Chopin wrote: "I confide in the piano the things that I sometimes want to say to you".
Weber added: "The fact that Chopin had to hide part of his identity for a long time, as he himself writes in his letters, would have left a mark on his personality and his art. Music allowed him to express himself fully, because piano music has the advantage of not containing any words".
Source: pinknews.co.uk
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| Chopin's hand and deathmask, Hunterian museum, Scotland |
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Weekend Roundup
Tammy Williams, archivist and social media coordinator at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, has published “It is history and it is fascinating”: Katherine Fite and the Nuremberg War Crime Trials, 1945, on Pieces of History, the blog of the National Archives. The post reproduces the “vividly descriptive letters" Fite, a 1930 graduate of the Yale Law School and Assistant to the Legal Advisor of the State Department, wrote while serving on Robert H. Jackson’s legal staff at Nuremberg. H/t: Kasia Solon Cristobal/Michael Widener.
Jackson and Fite (HST)
- Justice Stephen Breyer, Christina Ponsa-Karus, and Aziz Rana “gathered in cyberspace to honor the contributions of the late Appeals Court Judge Juan Torruella, best known for his writings about the Insular Cases” (St. John, V.I. Source).
- Lael Weinberger, the Olin-Searle-Smith Fellow in Law at Harvard Law School, reviews John G. Turner’s They Knew They Were Pilgrims: Plymouth Colony and the Contest for American Liberty, in the New Rambler Review.
- The Lawbook Exchange's latest catalogue is Trial Practice.
- Over at the Legal History Miscellany: marriage and murder in 13th-c. England.
- ICYMI: Linda Kerber hailed as “Iowa's ‘Van Allen of the Humanities’” (Cedar Rapids Gazette). Eric Muller on why a president cannot "grant" him- or herself a pardon (The Atlantic). Western's notice of Rande Kostal's Reid Prize for Laying Down the Law (Western News).
Weekend Roundup is a weekly feature compiled by all the Legal History bloggers.
The Engagement of India Hicks, Daughter of Lady Pamela Mountbatten, to Her Partner David Flint Wood
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| David Flint Wood and India Hicks. |
The engagement between India Amanda Caroline Hicks and David Flint Wood, both of Harbour Island, Bahamas, has been announced in The Telegraph.
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| The wedding of Lady Pamela Mountbatten and Mr David Hicks, 1960. |
India Hicks is the daughter of Lady Pamela Carmen Louise Mountbatten (b.1929; daughter of Earl Mountbatten of Burma) and her late husband Mr David Nightingale Hicks (1929-1998). India was born on 5 September 1967 at London. She was the youngest of the three children of David and Pamela: sister Edwina and brother Ashley preceded her. In 1981, India Hicks was a bridesmaid to Lady Diana Spencer at her wedding to the Prince of Wales, who is India's godfather. Through her mother, India is a descendant of Queen Victoria.
David Charles Flint Wood was born on 3 March 1961 at London as the son of Derek Flint Wood and Alice Wendy Jackson.
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| David and India with their children. |
India and David have four children together: Felix (b.1997), Amory (b.1999), Conrad (b.2003), and Domino (b.2007; goddaughter of Crown Princess Marie-Chantal of Greece). They are also the parents of Wesley.
Congratulations to India and David upon their engagement!
5 Stages Of IC Fabrication, You Will Be Amazed at Knowing!
5 Stages Of IC Fabrication, You Will Be Amazed at Knowing!
An integrated Circuit – IC, is the term that even every kid is aware of! The IC fabrication itself an interesting process to explore about. Imagine an IC which can’t be viewed with a naked eye and requires a microscope for, then what would be its manufacturing process like? Do you know an IC incorporates millions of components within? These components are transistors, capacitors, diodes etc. Let’s have a glance at a bunch of processes towards semiconductor fabrication.
1. Wafer Production
Only wafer production consists of series of processes one after another. Firstly, silicon, fetched from sand, is heated to form a liquid. Silicon’s small piece is dipped in this liquid and then taken out to cool. With the use of wafer slicing machine, it’s cut into thin wafers with a thickness around 0.1 to 0.25 inches. After that, it passes through the process of polishing and cleansing followed by exposure to ultra pure oxygen.
2. Masking
Masking is an essential part of IC fabrication process because it’s protection process. Once the wafer is ready, a photoresist film is applied to it, followed by alignment using photo aligner. An ultraviolet light is passed through the mask to make it ready.
3. Etching
The process is the removal of the mask by two ways – wet etching and dry etching. Wet etching uses chemicals to remove the mask and dry etching takes gases to do so. After that, the check is made to ensure that the wafer is imprinted with the mask or not. This imprinting makes a crucial role in semiconductor fabrication, it must be done carefully.
4. Doping
To alter the conducting characteristics of silicon; boron and phosphorous are used. For this doping process, atomic infusion and ion implantation processes are used for small and larger areas respectively. The aim of both the process is to enable the penetration of boron and phosphorus into silicon in a controlled way.
5. Metallization
In order to make interconnections on a chip, a thin layer of aluminum is masked on the wafer. Because aluminum offers low resistance and fits easily with the silicon, it’s chosen as best metal for this process.
Each wafer holds hundreds of ICs. So once fabrication completes, the process of separation and the packaging has to start on the manufacturing line. Once each IC is separated, the individual testing takes place. After each and every quality tests, the ICs go to the warehouse, finally.
Pioneer Companies in Semiconductor Industry
Pioneer Companies in Semiconductor Industry
The Chip History Centerhttp:01
Varied shades of transformations and evolutions have been observed in semiconductor history and present scenario. Below are three main pioneers had rooted their pillars and had brought revolution in the semiconductor world.
Fairchild Semiconductor International Inc.: This USA based semiconductor industry kick-started its journey in 1957. It is reputedly labeled as “pioneer” because of its dexterity in furnishing transistors and integrated circuits. Since 1957, it is marching to provide the world with innovative global energy solutions. The company is crafting its success graph by catering semiconductor-based solutions, analog, sensors etc using these innovative and uniquely manufactured products engineers can seamlessly solve their complex problems be it in automobiles, computing field, medical, aeronautics any you name it. Hence, it can be derived that with latest semiconductor technology this company is thriving its best to solve consumers’ alpha to omega problems.
VLSI Technology, Inc.: This Silicon Valley-based semiconductor industry company was established in 1979, and with its marvelous skills, it stamped itself in semiconductor history. Philips took over it later, and initial business plan of this company was to be a wafer fabrication company but interested venture investors vouched for the plan of developing Integrated Circuit design tools to fill foundry. This company earned the title of a pioneer by actively working in Electronic Design Automation (EDA) industry. It also became an early vendor of cell-based technology.
Canon: 1971 was a year in which this company was founded as Japanese Typewriter Company but nobody dreamt that it will bestow world with amazing innovations using semiconductor technology. This semiconductor industry is a pioneer of semiconductor lithography equipment and also conducts precision assembly of i-Line stepper. It is skilled in various solutions like designing and producing for factory automatic equipment for Canon's products, air bearings etc.
In nutshell, it can be wrapped up by saying that these semiconductor industries are alphas in their respective pioneer fields and with the magic wand of semiconductor technology they are affirmatively leading in providing mass with finest solutions. The holistic view of semiconductor industry foretells that there will be robust growth and demand for semiconductor products will accelerate.
AMPUL
Edison bir dinleme gezisi sırasında metal fabrikatörü ve Amerika dinamo makinesinin imalatçısı Willam Wallace’ın yaptığı yeni elektrik lambasını gözden geçirmeye davet edildi. Tahta çerçeveyle, hareket eden iki koldan ibaret basit cihazın karşısına grafit plaka iliştirilmişti. Her iki kolu birleştiren grafit plaka elektrik akımı verildiğinde mavi ışık yayıyor gibi görünüyordu. Gözleri kamaştıran bu alev, grafit plakaları çabucak eritiyordu.
Edison bu sahneyi konuşmadan seyrediyordu. Elektrik ışığı! Cidden büyük fikirdi bu! İnsanlık öteden beri geceyi gündüze çevirmeye uğraşmış; bunun için mum, yağ ve nihayet 19.yüzyılın başından beri hava gazı kullanmıştı. Bilim insanlığa elektriği hediye etmişti. Elektriğin ideal bir enerji kaynağı olduğu meydandaydı. Fakat Wallece’in metodu Edison’a doğru bir yol gibi görünmüyordu. Yanındakilere döndü ve “Zannedersem ben daha iyisini yaparım” dedi.
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| Thomas Edison |
Edison'un 40-50 iş arkadaşıyla işe koyulma tarzı, bilim araştırmaları tarihinde eşsizdir. Ara vermeden çalışıyorlardı. Atölyede yapılan ufak cam ampullerin içerisindeki hava, elektrik akımının kızgın hale getireceği maddenin yanmasına engel olmak için boşaltıyordu. Fakat esas mesele bu maddenin ne olacağı konusundaydı. Kimi maddeler çok az dayanabiliyor, kimileri çok pahalıya mal oluyordu. Halbuki Edison öylesine ucuz bir lamba yapmak istiyordu ki, herkes alıp evine takabilsin. Kömürleştirme işleminden geçmiş mukavva, hindistan cevizi kabuğu, mantar, hatta laboratuarı gezmeye gelen bir misafirin kızıl sakalından bir iki tel bile denendi.
Durmadan çalışmak yüzünden Edison’un gözleri yanıyor, dayanılmaz sancılar veriyordu. Ama o bunları kimseye söylemiyor, sadece hatıra defterine kaydediyordu.
Peşpeşe deneylerin sürdüğü bir gün asistanı "Artık bu işten vazgeçsek!" deyiverdi. Edison "Niçin?" diye sordu. Asistanı; "Çünkü şu ana kadar iki bin deney yaptık ve hiçbir sonuç alamadık!" dedi. Edison hemen itiraz etti: "Bu doğru değil...Evet, amacımıza ulaşamadık ama hiçbir netice elde edemediğimiz doğru değildir.Çünkü aradığımız şeyin; yaptığımız şeyin yaptığımız bu iki bin deney içinde bulunmadığını öğrenmiş bulunuyoruz"
Peşpeşe deneylerin sürdüğü bir gün asistanı "Artık bu işten vazgeçsek!" deyiverdi. Edison "Niçin?" diye sordu. Asistanı; "Çünkü şu ana kadar iki bin deney yaptık ve hiçbir sonuç alamadık!" dedi. Edison hemen itiraz etti: "Bu doğru değil...Evet, amacımıza ulaşamadık ama hiçbir netice elde edemediğimiz doğru değildir.Çünkü aradığımız şeyin; yaptığımız şeyin yaptığımız bu iki bin deney içinde bulunmadığını öğrenmiş bulunuyoruz"
1879 Kasımında Edison bir gece yazı masasının başına oturmuş, sönük bir puroyu emerek ne yapacağını düşünüyordu. Dalgın dalgın ceketinin düğmelerinden birini çevirirken düğme koptu. Üstünden bir iplik parçası sarkıyordu. Birden yerinden fırladı, laboratuara geçti ve teknisyenlerine iplik parçasını gösterdi. Böylesini acaba ceyran nakledici olarak kullandık mı hiç? Demek kullanmadık! Öyleyse gidin bir yumak ip alın, ufak parçalar halinde kesin, kömürleştirin ve lambalarınızı takın.
Asistanları sonuç ummamakla beraber hemen dediğini yaptılar. Edison’un bu fikri, bu sahadaki çalışmalarından vazgeçmeden önce başvurulacak son çare olarak görülüyordu.
Asistanları sonuç ummamakla beraber hemen dediğini yaptılar. Edison’un bu fikri, bu sahadaki çalışmalarından vazgeçmeden önce başvurulacak son çare olarak görülüyordu.
Kömürleştirilen iplikler her seferinde kırılmasına rağmen bu hassas ipliklerden biri kırılmadan lambaların birine takılabildi. Lambanın havası hemen boşaltıldı. Lambaya elektrik verildiğinde iplik kızdı ve tatlı sarı bir ışık meydana geldi. Edison ve arkadaşlarının ışığı meydana geldi. Edison ve arkadaşları ışığa büyülenmiş gibi bakıyorlar. Acaba ne kadar sürecekti? Ampul saatlerce sönmedi. Süren çalışmalar sonunda elektrik santrali yapmak, 900 binada elektrik şebekesi kurmak, binlerce sayaç yerleştirmek, duylarıyla beraber 14.000 ampul yapmak gerekti.
4 Eylül 1882’de meşhur mucidin bir işareti üzerine akım verildiği zaman, bütün mahallenin yüzlerce binasında, binlerce elektrik ampulü yandı ve etrafa parlak, tatlı ışıklar saçılmaya başladı.
4 Eylül 1882’de meşhur mucidin bir işareti üzerine akım verildiği zaman, bütün mahallenin yüzlerce binasında, binlerce elektrik ampulü yandı ve etrafa parlak, tatlı ışıklar saçılmaya başladı.
Edison devrinin en büyük meraklısı ilan edildi. Herkes sadece lambaları değil,onu da görebilmek için akın etti. Edison’u tanımayan kimse kalmadı.
Thomas Edison'un icadının çalışma şeklini sergilemek üzere geliştirdiği ilk ampulu, Menlo Park, New Jersey'deki ilk endüstriyel araştırma laboratuarındadır. Menlo park labaratuarı sürekli olarak teknolojik keşifler, geliştirmeler ve iyileştirmeler yapmak gibi özel bir amaç için kurulmuş ilk kurumdu.
Edison birçok icadını resmi olarak bu laboratuarda üretmiş, birçok çalışanı onun direktifleri doğrultusunda bu icatların araştırma ve geliştirmesinde görev almıştır.
Laske's "Law, Language and Change"
Caroline Laske, a research fellow at the Ghent Legal History Institute (Belgium) and the holder of a Heinz Heinen fellowship at the Bonn Centre for Dependency and Slavery Studies (Germany), has published Law, Language and Change: A Diachronic Semantic Analysis of Consideration in the Common Law (Brill, 2020):
–Dan ErnstIn this monograph, Caroline Laske traces the advent of consideration in English contract law, by analysing the doctrinal development, in parallel with the corresponding terminological evolution and semantic shifts between the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is an innovative, interdisciplinary study, showcasing the value of taking a diachronic corpus linguistics-based approach to the study of legal change and legal development, and the semantic shifts in the corresponding terminology. The seminal application in the legal field of these analytical methodologies borrowed from pragmatic linguistics goes beyond the content approach that legal research usually practices and it has allowed for claims of semantic change to be objectified. This ground-breaking work is pitched at scholars of legal history, law & language, and linguistics; and is of importance to scholars of private law working on promises and contract.
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